KEGG   PATHWAY: btax04725
Entry
btax04725                   Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Budorcas taxicolor (takin)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
btax04725  Cholinergic synapse
btax04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Budorcas taxicolor (takin) [GN:btax]
Gene
128048768  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
128043286  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
128048823  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
128068993  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
128048297  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
128054467  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
128052307  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
128050674  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
128058011  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
128058303  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
128054050  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
128068545  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
128046429  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
128048527  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
128056281  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
128065393  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
128066420  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
128063096  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
128068898  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
128058297  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 [KO:K04927]
128059354  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 [KO:K04928]
128044689  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 [KO:K04929]
128059070  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930]
128064920  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
128064453  KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005]
128048418  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
128063683  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
128046777  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
128060443  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
128044413  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
128057155  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
128046449  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
128062941  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
128061341  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
128068195  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
128047979  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 [KO:K07825]
128050433  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
128054091  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
128068668  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
128048580  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
128046927  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1 [KO:K04548]
128043525  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 [KO:K04997]
128053340  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
128046735  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
128065234  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 [KO:K21290]
128065366  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
128068689  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
128047937  KRAS; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
128044537  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
128054045  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
128043958  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
128062160  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
128053951  FOS; protein c-Fos [KO:K04379]
128066803  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7-like [KO:K04809]
128058417  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 [KO:K04806]
128045020  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
128066450  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
128066780  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 [KO:K04815]
128068302  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808]
128046764  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128066123  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128056879  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128053854  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128067499  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128047362  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128063240  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128059256  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128043555  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
128050339  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
128044465  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
128071103  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
128061475  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
128047885  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
128048350  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4-like [KO:K04374]
128044759  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
128051508  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
128052214  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
128046532  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
128060385  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
128046584  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
128050399  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
128047085  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
128047602  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
128049625  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
128051498  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
128052316  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
128053552  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
128045803  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
128061813  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
128068699  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
128050540  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
128044474  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
128066235  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha [KO:K02649]
128063870  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
128067048  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
128061491  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
128067358  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
128050795  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A [KO:K04344]
128055241  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B [KO:K04849]
128048945  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C [KO:K04850]
128052044  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D [KO:K04851]
128070004  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F [KO:K04853]
128061188  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
128056242  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
btax00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
btax04010  MAPK signaling pathway
btax04020  Calcium signaling pathway
btax04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
btax04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system