KEGG   PATHWAY: ccad04725
Entry
ccad04725                   Pathway                                
Name
Cholinergic synapse - Cervus canadensis (wapiti)
Description
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central (and also peripheral, autonomic and enteric) nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, ACh facilitates many functions, such as learning, memory, attention and motor control. When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). The activation of nAChR by ACh leads to the rapid influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and subsequent cellular depolarization. Activation of mAChRs is relatively slow (milliseconds to seconds) and, depending on the subtypes present (M1-M5), they directly alter cellular homeostasis of phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, cAMP, and free calcium. In the cleft, ACh may also be hydrolyzed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate. The choline derived from ACh hydrolysis is recovered by a presynaptic high-affinity choline transporter (CHT).
Class
Organismal Systems; Nervous system
Pathway map
ccad04725  Cholinergic synapse
ccad04725

Other DBs
GO: 0032222
Organism
Cervus canadensis (wapiti) [GN:ccad]
Gene
122446180  CHAT; choline O-acetyltransferase [KO:K00623] [EC:2.3.1.6]
122433510  ACHE; acetylcholinesterase isoform X1 [KO:K01049] [EC:3.1.1.7]
122446232  SLC18A3; vesicular acetylcholine transporter [KO:K14636]
122431344  CHRM1; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 [KO:K04129]
122446587  CHRM3; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
122443335  CHRM5; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 [KO:K04133]
122453031  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
122440204  GNA11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 [KO:K04635]
122448381  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
122448380  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
122430651  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
122443383  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
122424343  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
122423671  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959]
122430147  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
122424748  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
122433081  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
122420171  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
122431059  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
122448522  KCNQ2; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04927]
122451285  KCNQ3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04928]
122437148  KCNQ4; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04929]
122422637  KCNQ5; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04930]
122429722  KCNJ2; inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K04996]
122443673  KCNJ12; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 [KO:K05005]
122424003  KCNJ4; inward rectifier potassium channel 4 [KO:K04998]
122421066  KCNJ14; ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 14 [KO:K05007]
122438688  CHRM2; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 [KO:K04130]
122449503  CHRM4; muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 [KO:K04132]
122424468  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
122436579  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
122438257  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
122420097  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
122451650  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
122432849  GNB2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [KO:K04537]
122423970  GNB3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K07825]
122444905  GNB4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 [KO:K04538]
122443592  GNB5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 [KO:K04539]
122443483  GNG2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2 [KO:K07826]
122430600  GNG3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3 [KO:K04540]
122446614  GNG4; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4 [KO:K04541]
122452408  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5-like [KO:K04542]
122453895  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5-like [KO:K04542]
122436768  GNG5; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5 [KO:K04542]
122440215  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
122421672  GNG8; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8 isoform X1 [KO:K04544]
122431738  GNG10; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10 isoform X1 [KO:K04545]
122438100  GNG11; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11 [KO:K04546]
122432790  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 isoform X1 [KO:K04547]
122443021  GNGT2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 [KO:K04549]
122453702  KCNJ3; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04997]
122445484  KCNJ6; G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 [KO:K05000]
122438308  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
122445310  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
122445331  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
122430591  HRAS; GTPase HRas isoform X1 [KO:K02833]
122423876  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
122446047  GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
122435924  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
122443062  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
122447261  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1-like [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
122433033  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
122455309  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
122443873  FOS; proto-oncogene C-Fos [KO:K04379]
122419734  neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 isoform X1 [KO:K04809]
122448772  CHRNA4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04806]
122432950  CHRNB2; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 [KO:K04813]
122455224  CHRNA3; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04805]
122455225  CHRNB4; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04815]
122432438  CHRNA6; neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6 [KO:K04808]
122438514  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122454210  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122441999  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122443147  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122444643  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122427399  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122421548  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122451315  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122432769  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
122440547  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
122436774  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
122426833  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
122423084  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
122444829  cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
122438693  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
122440234  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
122449620  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
122452823  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
122433265  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
122438446  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X1 [KO:K09047]
122438529  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
122439705  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
122422042  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
122446388  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
122439461  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
122452858  JAK2; tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 isoform X1 [KO:K04447] [EC:2.7.10.2]
122422629  FYN; tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn isoform X1 [KO:K05703] [EC:2.7.10.2]
122451688  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
122445271  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
122444906  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
122440740  PIK3R2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
122454626  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
122437038  PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
122420500  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
122452448  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
122455107  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
122425862  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
122440510  CACNA1A; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344]
122442448  CACNA1B; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849]
122424089  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
122424654  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
122434769  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
122452261  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S [KO:K04857]
122441722  SLC5A7; high affinity choline transporter 1 [KO:K14387]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00076  Calcium cation
C00114  Choline
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01996  Acetylcholine
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Reference
  Authors
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Malenka RC.
  Title
Molecular neuropharmacology: A foundation for clinical neuroscience
  Journal
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (2001)
Reference
  Authors
Nicholls JG, Martin AR, Wallace BG, Fuchs PA.
  Title
From neuron to brain, 4th ed.
  Journal
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer associates (2001)
Reference
PMID:15165747
  Authors
Dajas-Bailador F, Wonnacott S
  Title
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the regulation of neuronal signalling.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:317-24 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.006
Reference
PMID:19712465
  Authors
Resende RR, Adhikari A
  Title
Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation.
  Journal
Cell Commun Signal 7:20 (2009)
DOI:10.1186/1478-811X-7-20
Reference
PMID:19378880
  Authors
Origlia N, Kuczewski N, Pesavento E, Aztiria E, Domenici L
  Title
The role of cholinergic system in neuronal plasticity: focus on visual cortex and muscarinic receptors.
  Journal
Arch Ital Biol 146:165-88 (2008)
Reference
PMID:21550798
  Authors
Oldenburg IA, Ding JB
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic integration and dendritic excitability in the striatum.
  Journal
Curr Opin Neurobiol 21:425-32 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.004
Reference
PMID:12893537
  Authors
Lanzafame AA, Christopoulos A, Mitchelson F
  Title
Cellular signaling mechanisms for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
  Journal
Receptors Channels 9:241-60 (2003)
DOI:10.3109/10606820308263
Reference
PMID:20446119
  Authors
Brown DA
  Title
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the nervous system: some functions and mechanisms.
  Journal
J Mol Neurosci 41:340-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s12031-010-9377-2
Reference
PMID:11738031
  Authors
Chang KT, Berg DK
  Title
Voltage-gated channels block nicotinic regulation of CREB phosphorylation and gene expression in neurons.
  Journal
Neuron 32:855-65 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00516-5
Reference
PMID:11283752
  Authors
Soreq H, Seidman S
  Title
Acetylcholinesterase--new roles for an old actor.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 2:294-302 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35067589
Reference
PMID:12436417
  Authors
Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S
  Title
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells.
  Journal
J Neurobiol 53:524-34 (2002)
DOI:10.1002/neu.10114
Reference
PMID:11923408
  Authors
Araque A, Martin ED, Perea G, Arellano JI, Buno W
  Title
Synaptically released acetylcholine evokes Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes in hippocampal slices.
  Journal
J Neurosci 22:2443-50 (2002)
DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02443.2002
Reference
PMID:12690458
  Authors
Lucas-Meunier E, Fossier P, Baux G, Amar M
  Title
Cholinergic modulation of the cortical neuronal network.
  Journal
Pflugers Arch 446:17-29 (2003)
DOI:10.1007/s00424-002-0999-2
Reference
PMID:20060019
  Authors
Abreu-Villaca Y, Filgueiras CC, Manhaes AC
  Title
Developmental aspects of the cholinergic system.
  Journal
Behav Brain Res 221:367-78 (2011)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.049
Related
pathway
ccad00564  Glycerophospholipid metabolism
ccad04010  MAPK signaling pathway
ccad04020  Calcium signaling pathway
ccad04721  Synaptic vesicle cycle
ccad04975  Fat digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04725   
LinkDB

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