KEGG   PATHWAY: mcf04261
Entry
mcf04261                    Pathway                                
Name
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes - Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque)
Description
Cardiac myocytes express at least six subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) which include three subtypes of beta-AR (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3) and three subtypes of the alpha-1-AR (alpha-1A, alpha-1B, and alpha-1C). In the human heart the beta-1-AR is the pre- dominate receptor. Acute sympathetic stimulation of cardiac beta-1-ARs induces positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, the most effective mechanism to acutely increase output of the heart, by coupling to Gs, formation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase (AC), and PKA- dependent phosphorylation of various target proteins (e.g., ryanodine receptor [RyR]; phospholamban [PLB], troponin I [TnI], and the L-type Ca2+ channel [LTCC]). Chronic beta-1-AR stimulation is detrimental and induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. beta-2-AR coupled to Gs exerts a proapoptotic action as well as beta-1-AR, while beta-2-AR coupled to Gi exerts an antiapoptotic action.
Class
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
Pathway map
mcf04261  Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
mcf04261

Other DBs
GO: 0001997
Organism
Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque) [GN:mcf]
Gene
107126443  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
102144318  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
102145630  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X10 [KO:K04632]
107126444  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
102147015  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102130114  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101925741  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X2 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102123837  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102135142  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102116122  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102125718  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102144854  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102135923  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
102131238  BVES; blood vessel epicardial substance [KO:K21108]
102136687  POPDC2; popeye domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26206]
102130603  POPDC3; popeye domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K26207]
102146456  KCNK2; potassium channel subfamily K member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04913]
102117414  PRKACG; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102142443  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101926461  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X4 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
102122869  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102144576  ATP1A4; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102145563  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102124503  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102135605  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X2 [KO:K01540]
101865296  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K01540]
101866484  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
102119097  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
102123177  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X2 [KO:K01538]
101865259  SLC9A1; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05742]
102124629  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
102118803  KCNE1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 [KO:K04894]
101866950  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
102144572  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101866192  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
102116890  ATP2B3; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
102141225  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
102120906  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X12 [KO:K05849]
102124700  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
102120184  SCN5A; sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04838]
102125364  SCN7A; sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04839]
102120080  SCN1B; sodium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X4 [KO:K04845]
102129104  SCN4B; sodium channel subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04848]
101865175  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
102138213  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X7 [KO:K04851]
102119841  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
102131553  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
102131958  CACNB1; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04862]
102130815  CACNB2; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04863]
102117465  CACNB3; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04864]
102116137  CACNB4; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04865]
102131750  CACNA2D1; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04858]
102115452  CACNA2D2; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 isoform X11 [KO:K04859]
102143606  CACNA2D3; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 isoform X4 [KO:K04860]
102131855  CACNA2D4; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K04861]
102138932  CACNG1; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit [KO:K04866]
102145250  CACNG2; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04867]
101926678  CACNG3; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04868]
102137812  CACNG4; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit isoform X2 [KO:K04869]
102136554  CACNG5; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit [KO:K04870]
107128294  CACNG6; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit [KO:K04871]
102120965  CACNG7; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit [KO:K04872]
102118703  CACNG8; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit [KO:K04873]
102119159  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
102114795  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
102146976  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
102131162  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
101866377  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
101865168  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
102122343  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
102144138  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
101926613  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102126681  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101865637  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
101866326  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
102132307  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 isoform X17 [KO:K04962]
102137928  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101864925  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
101867273  PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform [KO:K03456]
101865477  PPP2R1B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform isoform X4 [KO:K03456]
101926525  PPP2R2C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04354]
102125257  PPP2R2B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
102142696  PPP2R2D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform isoform X4 [KO:K04354]
101926197  PPP2R2A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform isoform X2 [KO:K04354]
102144364  PPP2R3A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
102144074  PPP2R3B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
102138311  PPP2R3C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
101865748  PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
101926512  PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform [KO:K11584]
101925723  PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X2 [KO:K11584]
101865955  PPP2R5E; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
102129607  PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
102139541  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform-like [KO:K11584]
101925057  PPP1CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102138402  PPP1CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102133300  PPP1CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
102120840  TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865]
102122269  TNNI3; troponin I, cardiac muscle [KO:K12044]
102135846  TNNT2; troponin T, cardiac muscle isoform X1 [KO:K12045]
101864882  TPM1; tropomyosin alpha-1 chain isoform X15 [KO:K10373]
102141630  TPM2; tropomyosin beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K10374]
101925252  TPM3; tropomyosin alpha-3 chain isoform X3 [KO:K09290]
102143897  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K09290]
101866884  TPM4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10375]
102119621  tropomyosin alpha-4 chain-like [KO:K10375]
102140314  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tropomyosin alpha-4 chain-like [KO:K10375]
102135975  ACTC1; actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 [KO:K12314]
102118251  MYH6; myosin-6 [KO:K17751]
102118628  myosin-7 [KO:K17751]
102147025  MYL2; myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform [KO:K10351]
102117313  MYL3; myosin light chain 3 [KO:K12749]
102143592  MYL4; myosin light chain 4 [KO:K12750]
102130076  PLN; cardiac phospholamban [KO:K05852]
101867165  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
102114913  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X2 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101867359  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101926221  AGT; angiotensinogen isoform X1 [KO:K09821]
102130940  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04166]
102127892  AGTR2; type-2 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04167]
102126453  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor isoform X3 [KO:K04135]
102126794  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
102128906  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
102130397  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
101925220  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102140615  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102136896  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102123165  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
102135875  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X4 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101925798  PPP1R1A; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A [KO:K08050]
102145011  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102116996  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102137672  RPS6KA5; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04445] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102141699  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K05870]
101925838  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
102117938  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
102134095  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K09048]
102146405  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
102142378  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
102139679  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
102136437  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
102123367  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 isoform X2 [KO:K09047]
102129446  ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049]
101926485  CREM; cAMP-responsive element modulator isoform X6 [KO:K09052]
102138212  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X2 [KO:K02161]
101865707  RAPGEF3; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 isoform X5 [KO:K08014]
101865166  RAPGEF4; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04351]
101867352  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 isoform X2 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101926770  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102134421  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101867305  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
102119905  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
102140224  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
101926144  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04630]
102146644  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
102135867  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
102133347  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K21290]
102144461  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102142406  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
102132744  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C07056  Isoproterenol
Reference
PMID:19883653
  Authors
Grimm M, Brown JH
  Title
Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart: role of CaMKII.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 48:322-30 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.016
Reference
PMID:21212391
  Authors
Yang JH, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Computational models reduce complexity and accelerate insight into cardiac signaling networks.
  Journal
Circ Res 108:85-97 (2011)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223602
Reference
PMID:16765984
  Authors
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M
  Title
Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:183-214 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.04.005
Reference
PMID:22022314
  Authors
Taggart P, Boyett MR, Logantha S, Lambiase PD
  Title
Anger, emotion, and arrhythmias: from brain to heart.
  Journal
Front Physiol 2:67 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2011.00067
Reference
PMID:17988210
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Calcium cycling and signaling in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 70:23-49 (2008)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100455
Reference
PMID:20923637
  Authors
Soltis AR, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Synergy between CaMKII substrates and beta-adrenergic signaling in regulation of cardiac myocyte Ca(2+) handling.
  Journal
Biophys J 99:2038-47 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.016
Reference
PMID:12439640
  Authors
Wallukat G
  Title
The beta-adrenergic receptors.
  Journal
Herz 27:683-90 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00059-002-2434-z
Reference
PMID:11604549
  Authors
Xiao RP
  Title
Beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart: dual coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to G(s) and G(i) proteins.
  Journal
Sci STKE 2001:re15 (2001)
DOI:10.1126/stke.2001.104.re15
Reference
PMID:10571541
  Authors
Xiao RP, Cheng H, Zhou YY, Kuschel M, Lakatta EG
  Title
Recent advances in cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic signal transduction.
  Journal
Circ Res 85:1092-100 (1999)
DOI:10.1161/01.RES.85.11.1092
Reference
PMID:15979723
  Authors
Zheng M, Zhu W, Han Q, Xiao RP
  Title
Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications of beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 108:257-68 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.006
Reference
PMID:17826821
  Authors
Kuzumoto M, Takeuchi A, Nakai H, Oka C, Noma A, Matsuoka S
  Title
Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 96:171-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.005
Reference
PMID:11805843
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
  Journal
Nature 415:198-205 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415198a
Reference
PMID:20658186
  Authors
Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF
  Title
Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 15:495-512 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9183-5
Reference
PMID:15142747
  Authors
Saucerman JJ, McCulloch AD
  Title
Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks: a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 85:261-78 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.005
Reference
PMID:15765137
  Authors
Yano M, Ikeda Y, Matsuzaki M
  Title
Altered intracellular Ca2+ handling in heart failure.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:556-64 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24159
Reference
PMID:15232578
  Authors
Wehrens XH, Marks AR
  Title
Novel therapeutic approaches for heart failure by normalizing calcium cycling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:565-73 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1440
Reference
PMID:19874988
  Authors
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J
  Title
The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1747-62 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015
Reference
PMID:18407781
  Authors
Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA
  Title
Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2023-39 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.020
Related
pathway
mcf04020  Calcium signaling pathway
mcf04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
mcf04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
KO pathway
ko04261   
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