KEGG   PATHWAY: mlx04261
Entry
mlx04261                    Pathway                                
Name
Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description
Cardiac myocytes express at least six subtypes of adrenergic receptor (AR) which include three subtypes of beta-AR (beta-1, beta-2, beta-3) and three subtypes of the alpha-1-AR (alpha-1A, alpha-1B, and alpha-1C). In the human heart the beta-1-AR is the pre- dominate receptor. Acute sympathetic stimulation of cardiac beta-1-ARs induces positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, the most effective mechanism to acutely increase output of the heart, by coupling to Gs, formation of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase (AC), and PKA- dependent phosphorylation of various target proteins (e.g., ryanodine receptor [RyR]; phospholamban [PLB], troponin I [TnI], and the L-type Ca2+ channel [LTCC]). Chronic beta-1-AR stimulation is detrimental and induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. beta-2-AR coupled to Gs exerts a proapoptotic action as well as beta-1-AR, while beta-2-AR coupled to Gi exerts an antiapoptotic action.
Class
Organismal Systems; Circulatory system
Pathway map
mlx04261  Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes
mlx04261

Other DBs
GO: 0001997
Organism
Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:mlx]
Gene
118026567  ADRB1; beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
118006623  beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
118006789  ADRB2; beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
118023087  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632]
118024008  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
118024010  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
118024512  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118006264  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118007652  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118003693  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118007016  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118008901  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 isoform X1 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118023800  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118015219  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118021775  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
118001532  BVES; blood vessel epicardial substance [KO:K21108]
118007063  POPDC2; popeye domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K26206]
118001533  POPDC3; popeye domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K26207]
118014336  KCNK2; potassium channel subfamily K member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04913]
118005070  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118019227  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
118000481  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
117997950  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
118013976  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
118013977  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
118000178  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
118003004  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3-like [KO:K01540]
118004626  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
118012453  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
118014510  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
118013274  FXYD2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
118019822  SLC9A1; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 [KO:K05742]
118016181  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
118018848  KCNE1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 1 [KO:K04894]
118014964  ATP2B3; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
118005092  ATP2B2; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117998905  ATP2B1; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
118014170  ATP2B4; plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
118007805  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
118002666  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
117998202  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
118002019  SCN5A; sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha [KO:K04838]
118012369  SCN7A; sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04839]
118022859  SCN1B; sodium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04845]
118013278  SCN4B; sodium channel subunit beta-4 [KO:K04848]
118025809  CACNA1C; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850]
118006050  CACNA1D; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851]
118008972  CACNA1F; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F isoform X1 [KO:K04853]
118014221  CACNA1S; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S isoform X1 [KO:K04857]
118024835  CACNB1; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04862]
118021523  CACNB2; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04863]
118008900  CACNB3; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04864]
118012447  CACNB4; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 [KO:K04865]
118020687  CACNA2D1; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04858]
118004992  CACNA2D2; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04859]
118005742  CACNA2D3; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-3 [KO:K04860]
118025806  CACNA2D4; voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-4 [KO:K04861]
118024350  CACNG1; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-1 subunit [KO:K04866]
117998511  CACNG2; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit [KO:K04867]
117999107  CACNG3; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-3 subunit [KO:K04868]
118024349  CACNG4; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit [KO:K04869]
118024455  CACNG5; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-5 subunit [KO:K04870]
117997876  CACNG6; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-6 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04871]
117997873  CACNG7; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-7 subunit [KO:K04872]
117997994  CACNG8; voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-8 subunit [KO:K04873]
118008161  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
118016596  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
118002566  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
118003137  CALML4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
118012486  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
118019658  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
117998176  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
118020691  calmodulin-1-like [KO:K02183]
118021620  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
118021903  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
118024497  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118027107  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118006598  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118006728  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118021697  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
118012943  RYR2; ryanodine receptor 2 [KO:K04962]
118016640  PPP2CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118009990  PPP2CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K04382] [EC:3.1.3.16]
117998379  PPP2R1A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
118013220  PPP2R1B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K03456]
118022103  PPP2R2A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
118016779  PPP2R2B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
118010733  PPP2R2C; protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma [KO:K04354]
117997823  PPP2R2D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04354]
118002828  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
118002870  serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
118004050  PPP2R3A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
118026663  PPP2R3B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K11583]
118001186  PPP2R5D; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform [KO:K11584]
118016017  PPP2R5B; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform [KO:K11584]
118002322  PPP2R5E; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform [KO:K11584]
118002344  PPP2R5C; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
118014309  PPP2R5A; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K11584]
118007723  PPP1CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118016125  PPP1CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118018468  PPP1CC; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit [KO:K06269] [EC:3.1.3.16]
118005799  TNNC1; troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles [KO:K05865]
117997899  TNNI3; troponin I, cardiac muscle [KO:K12044]
118014217  TNNT2; troponin T, cardiac muscle isoform X1 [KO:K12045]
118017970  TPM2; tropomyosin beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K10374]
118004404  tropomyosin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K09290]
118013841  TPM3; tropomyosin alpha-3 chain isoform X1 [KO:K09290]
118006002  TPM4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain isoform X1 [KO:K10375]
118003185  ACTC1; actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1 [KO:K12314]
118003495  myosin-7-like [KO:K17751]
118018471  MYL2; myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform isoform X1 [KO:K10351]
118005172  MYL3; myosin light chain 3 [KO:K12749]
118027183  MYL4; myosin light chain 4 [KO:K12750]
118000615  PLN; cardiac phospholamban [KO:K05852]
118025163  ATP2A3; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
118018451  ATP2A2; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
117999657  ATP2A1; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05853] [EC:7.2.2.10]
118012894  AGT; angiotensinogen [KO:K09821]
118004937  AGTR1; type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
118011402  AGTR2; type-2 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04167]
118022108  ADRA1A; alpha-1A adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04135]
118016156  ADRA1B; alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
118011279  ADRA1D; alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
118026266  GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
118015997  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
118003092  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
118011244  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
118011247  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
118024347  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
118008753  PPP1R1A; protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A isoform X1 [KO:K08050]
117999637  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117999826  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118002251  RPS6KA5; ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04445] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118012101  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
118012308  ATF2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450]
117998657  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
118015807  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
118017967  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
118005189  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048]
118013832  CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
118021134  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
118021299  CREB5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
118027308  ATF6B; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X1 [KO:K09049]
118026628  CREM; cAMP-responsive element modulator isoform X1 [KO:K09052]
118004389  BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02161]
118008918  RAPGEF3; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08014]
118012324  RAPGEF4; rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04351]
118001095  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118001265  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117997742  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117997743  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
118019030  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
118005775  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
118020679  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
118020625  PIK3CG; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform isoform X1 [KO:K21289] [EC:2.7.1.153]
118000062  PIK3R6; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
118000064  PIK3R5; phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K21290]
118022658  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118002024  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
118014553  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00788  L-Adrenaline
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C07056  Isoproterenol
Reference
PMID:19883653
  Authors
Grimm M, Brown JH
  Title
Beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart: role of CaMKII.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 48:322-30 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.10.016
Reference
PMID:21212391
  Authors
Yang JH, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Computational models reduce complexity and accelerate insight into cardiac signaling networks.
  Journal
Circ Res 108:85-97 (2011)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223602
Reference
PMID:16765984
  Authors
Schaub MC, Hefti MA, Zaugg M
  Title
Integration of calcium with the signaling network in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
J Mol Cell Cardiol 41:183-214 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.04.005
Reference
PMID:22022314
  Authors
Taggart P, Boyett MR, Logantha S, Lambiase PD
  Title
Anger, emotion, and arrhythmias: from brain to heart.
  Journal
Front Physiol 2:67 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fphys.2011.00067
Reference
PMID:17988210
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Calcium cycling and signaling in cardiac myocytes.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 70:23-49 (2008)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100455
Reference
PMID:20923637
  Authors
Soltis AR, Saucerman JJ
  Title
Synergy between CaMKII substrates and beta-adrenergic signaling in regulation of cardiac myocyte Ca(2+) handling.
  Journal
Biophys J 99:2038-47 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.016
Reference
PMID:12439640
  Authors
Wallukat G
  Title
The beta-adrenergic receptors.
  Journal
Herz 27:683-90 (2002)
DOI:10.1007/s00059-002-2434-z
Reference
PMID:11604549
  Authors
Xiao RP
  Title
Beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart: dual coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to G(s) and G(i) proteins.
  Journal
Sci STKE 2001:re15 (2001)
DOI:10.1126/stke.2001.104.re15
Reference
PMID:10571541
  Authors
Xiao RP, Cheng H, Zhou YY, Kuschel M, Lakatta EG
  Title
Recent advances in cardiac beta(2)-adrenergic signal transduction.
  Journal
Circ Res 85:1092-100 (1999)
DOI:10.1161/01.RES.85.11.1092
Reference
PMID:15979723
  Authors
Zheng M, Zhu W, Han Q, Xiao RP
  Title
Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications of beta-adrenergic receptor subtype signaling.
  Journal
Pharmacol Ther 108:257-68 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.006
Reference
PMID:17826821
  Authors
Kuzumoto M, Takeuchi A, Nakai H, Oka C, Noma A, Matsuoka S
  Title
Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 96:171-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2007.07.005
Reference
PMID:11805843
  Authors
Bers DM
  Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.
  Journal
Nature 415:198-205 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/415198a
Reference
PMID:20658186
  Authors
Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF
  Title
Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5.
  Journal
Heart Fail Rev 15:495-512 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s10741-010-9183-5
Reference
PMID:15142747
  Authors
Saucerman JJ, McCulloch AD
  Title
Mechanistic systems models of cell signaling networks: a case study of myocyte adrenergic regulation.
  Journal
Prog Biophys Mol Biol 85:261-78 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.005
Reference
PMID:15765137
  Authors
Yano M, Ikeda Y, Matsuzaki M
  Title
Altered intracellular Ca2+ handling in heart failure.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 115:556-64 (2005)
DOI:10.1172/JCI24159
Reference
PMID:15232578
  Authors
Wehrens XH, Marks AR
  Title
Novel therapeutic approaches for heart failure by normalizing calcium cycling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:565-73 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1440
Reference
PMID:19874988
  Authors
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J
  Title
The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications.
  Journal
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1747-62 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015
Reference
PMID:18407781
  Authors
Barry SP, Davidson SM, Townsend PA
  Title
Molecular regulation of cardiac hypertrophy.
  Journal
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:2023-39 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.020
Related
pathway
mlx04020  Calcium signaling pathway
mlx04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
mlx04260  Cardiac muscle contraction
KO pathway
ko04261   
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