KEGG PATHWAY: oro05150

PATHWAY: oro05150

Entry

oro05150                    Pathway

Name

Staphylococcus aureus infection - Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus)

Description

Staphylococcus aureus can cause multiple forms of infections ranging from superficial skin infections to food poisoning and life-threatening infections. The organism has several ways to divert the effectiveness of the immune system: secreting immune modulating proteins that inhibit complement activation and neutrophil chemotaxis or lysis, modulating the sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptides (such as defensin) by increasing the positive net charge of its cytoplasmic membrane, and expression of superantigens that prevent development of a normal immune response or cause an emetic response when ingested.

Class

Human Diseases; Infectious disease: bacterial

Pathway map

oro05150

Staphylococcus aureus infection

Organism

Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus) [GN:oro]

Gene

101376977

KRT20; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 20 [KO:K07604]

101386619

keratin, type I cuticular Ha3-I [KO:K07604]

101386909

keratin, type I cuticular Ha3-II isoform X1 [KO:K07604]

101362260

keratin, type I cuticular Ha1 [KO:K07604]

101362565

keratin, type I cuticular Ha8 [KO:K07604]

101362867

KRT32; keratin, type I cuticular Ha2 [KO:K07604]

101363159

KRT35; keratin, type I cuticular Ha5 [KO:K07604]

101363453

KRT13; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 13 [KO:K07604]

101363743

KRT19; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19 [KO:K07604]

101364037

KRT15; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 15 [KO:K07604]

101364339

KRT14; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14 [KO:K07604]

101364631

KRT17; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 17 [KO:K07604]

101374229

KRT18; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 18 isoform X1 [KO:K07604]

101378992

KRT24; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: keratin, type I cytoskeletal 24 [KO:K07604]

101385251

KRT39; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 39 [KO:K07604]

101377557

KRT10; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 10 [KO:K07604]

101376395

KRT40; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 40 [KO:K07604]

101376686

KRT23; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 23 [KO:K07604]

101377264

KRT12; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 12 isoform X1 [KO:K07604]

101377834

KRT28; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 28 [KO:K07604]

101378125

KRT27; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 27 [KO:K07604]

101378414

KRT26; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 26 [KO:K07604]

101378699

KRT25; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 25 [KO:K07604]

101364721

keratin, type I cuticular Ha1-like [KO:K07604]

101365026

keratin, type I cuticular Ha8 [KO:K07604]

101365333

KRT36; keratin, type I cuticular Ha6 [KO:K07604]

101365636

KRT9; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 9 [KO:K07604]

101365946

KRT16; keratin, type I cytoskeletal 16 [KO:K07604]

101366235

keratin, type I cytoskeletal 42 [KO:K07604]

101384856

FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]

101385252

C3; complement C3 [KO:K03990]

101378817

CFB; complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]

101380360

CFD; complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]

101373866

complement factor H-like [KO:K04004]

101382045

MBL2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]

101378116

MASP1; mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X2 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]

101362776

MASP2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]

101370467

uncharacterized protein LOC101370467 [KO:K06856]

101373207

C1QA; complement C1q subcomponent subunit A [KO:K03986]

101372635

C1QB; complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]

101372926

C1QC; complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]

101377329

C1R; complement C1r subcomponent isoform X1 [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]

101377797

C1S; complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]

101377842

C2; complement C2 isoform X1 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]

101380173

complement C4-B isoform X1 [KO:K03989]

101364833

C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]

101373171

C3AR1; C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]

101367254

C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]

101381082

high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I [KO:K06498]

101363428

FCGR2B; low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b isoform X3 [KO:K12560]

101363133

low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-like isoform X2 [KO:K06463]

101362203

FPR2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: N-formyl peptide receptor 2 [KO:K04173]

101380010

PLG; plasminogen isoform X2 [KO:K01315] [EC:3.4.21.7]

101376260

CFI; complement factor I [KO:K01333] [EC:3.4.21.45]

101363607

SELPLG; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 [KO:K06544]

101363733

SELP; P-selectin [KO:K06496]

101375646

ICAM1; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [KO:K06490]

101370679

ITGAL; integrin alpha-L [KO:K05718]

101374774

ITGAM; integrin alpha-M [KO:K06461]

101383612

ITGB2; integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]

101367768

DEFB1; beta-defensin 1 [KO:K23125]

101368637

DEFB4B; beta-defensin 4B [KO:K23126]

101370308

CAMP; cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide [KO:K13916]

101385740

DSG1; desmoglein-1 [KO:K07596]

101372409

LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain [KO:K06752]

101368848

LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain [KO:K06752]

101367969

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain [KO:K06752]

101370206

SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain-like [KO:K06752]

101370503

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06752]

101370728

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752]

101371503

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain [KO:K06752]

101371809

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain [KO:K06752]

101372107

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain [KO:K06752]

101379071

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain [KO:K06752]

101379947

H-2 class II histocompatibility antigen, E-S beta chain-like [KO:K06752]

101380246

DLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR-1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752]

101380534

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain-like [KO:K06752]

101362393

PTAFR; platelet-activating factor receptor [KO:K04279]

101379900

IL10; interleukin-10 [KO:K05443]

Compound

C11596

FMLP

C20898

Lipoteichoic acid

Reference

PMID:20178484

Authors

Foster TJ

Title

Colonization and infection of the human host by staphylococci: adhesion, survival and immune evasion.

Journal

Vet Dermatol 20:456-70 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00825.x

Reference

PMID:16322743

Authors

Foster TJ

Title

Immune evasion by staphylococci.

Journal

Nat Rev Microbiol 3:948-58 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1289

Reference

PMID:20062962

Authors

Laarman A, Milder F, van Strijp J, Rooijakkers S

Title

Complement inhibition by gram-positive pathogens: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

Journal

J Mol Med 88:115-20 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00109-009-0572-y

Reference

PMID:16242332

Authors

Rooijakkers SH, van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA

Title

Staphylococcal innate immune evasion.

Journal

Trends Microbiol 13:596-601 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2005.10.002

Reference

PMID:16679003

Authors

Iwatsuki K, Yamasaki O, Morizane S, Oono T

Title

Staphylococcal cutaneous infections: invasion, evasion and aggression.

Journal

J Dermatol Sci 42:203-14 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.03.011

Reference

PMID:11361034

Authors

Torres BA, Kominsky S, Perrin GQ, Hobeika AC, Johnson HM

Title

Superantigens: the good, the bad, and the ugly.

Journal

Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 226:164-76 (2001)
DOI:10.1177/153537020122600303

Reference

PMID:18061675

Authors

Atkins KL, Burman JD, Chamberlain ES, Cooper JE, Poutrel B, Bagby S, Jenkins AT, Feil EJ, van den Elsen JM

Title

S. aureus IgG-binding proteins SpA and Sbi: host specificity and mechanisms of immune complex formation.

Journal

Mol Immunol 45:1600-11 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.molimm.2007.10.021

Reference

PMID:16724100

Authors

Silverman GJ, Goodyear CS

Title

Confounding B-cell defences: lessons from a staphylococcal superantigen.

Journal

Nat Rev Immunol 6:465-75 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/nri1853

Reference

PMID:15273292

Authors

Goodyear CS, Silverman GJ

Title

Staphylococcal toxin induced preferential and prolonged in vivo deletion of innate-like B lymphocytes.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:11392-7 (2004)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0404382101

Reference

PMID:19112495

Authors

Haupt K, Reuter M, van den Elsen J, Burman J, Halbich S, Richter J, Skerka C, Zipfel PF

Title

The Staphylococcus aureus protein Sbi acts as a complement inhibitor and forms a tripartite complex with host complement Factor H and C3b.

Journal

PLoS Pathog 4:e1000250 (2008)
DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000250

Reference

PMID:16111912

Authors

Bokarewa MI, Jin T, Tarkowski A

Title

Staphylococcus aureus: Staphylokinase.

Journal

Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38:504-9 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.07.005

Reference

PMID:16086019

Authors

Rooijakkers SH, Ruyken M, Roos A, Daha MR, Presanis JS, Sim RB, van Wamel WJ, van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA

Title

Immune evasion by a staphylococcal complement inhibitor that acts on C3 convertases.

Journal

Nat Immunol 6:920-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/ni1235

Reference

PMID:19503103

Authors

Rooijakkers SH, Wu J, Ruyken M, van Domselaar R, Planken KL, Tzekou A, Ricklin D, Lambris JD, Janssen BJ, van Strijp JA, Gros P

Title

Structural and functional implications of the alternative complement pathway C3 convertase stabilized by a staphylococcal inhibitor.

Journal

Nat Immunol 10:721-7 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/ni.1756

Reference

PMID:17893203

Authors

Jongerius I, Kohl J, Pandey MK, Ruyken M, van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA, Rooijakkers SH

Title

Staphylococcal complement evasion by various convertase-blocking molecules.

Journal

J Exp Med 204:2461-71 (2007)
DOI:10.1084/jem.20070818

Reference

PMID:18544012

Authors

Hair PS, Ward MD, Semmes OJ, Foster TJ, Cunnion KM

Title

Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A binds to complement regulator factor I and increases factor I cleavage of C3b.

Journal

J Infect Dis 198:125-33 (2008)
DOI:10.1086/588825

Reference

PMID:16640587

Authors

Higgins J, Loughman A, van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA, Foster TJ

Title

Clumping factor A of Staphylococcus aureus inhibits phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Journal

FEMS Microbiol Lett 258:290-6 (2006)
DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00229.x

Reference

PMID:20133685

Authors

Laursen NS, Gordon N, Hermans S, Lorenz N, Jackson N, Wines B, Spillner E, Christensen JB, Jensen M, Fredslund F, Bjerre M, Sottrup-Jensen L, Fraser JD, Andersen GR

Title

Structural basis for inhibition of complement C5 by the SSL7 protein from Staphylococcus aureus.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:3681-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0910565107

Reference

PMID:17848512

Authors

Ramsland PA, Willoughby N, Trist HM, Farrugia W, Hogarth PM, Fraser JD, Wines BD

Title

Structural basis for evasion of IgA immunity by Staphylococcus aureus revealed in the complex of SSL7 with Fc of human IgA1.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:15051-6 (2007)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0706028104

Reference

PMID:14993252

Authors

de Haas CJ, Veldkamp KE, Peschel A, Weerkamp F, Van Wamel WJ, Heezius EC, Poppelier MJ, Van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA

Title

Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial antiinflammatory agent.

Journal

J Exp Med 199:687-95 (2004)
DOI:10.1084/jem.20031636

Reference

PMID:17114475

Authors

Prat C, Bestebroer J, de Haas CJ, van Strijp JA, van Kessel KP

Title

A new staphylococcal anti-inflammatory protein that antagonizes the formyl peptide receptor-like 1.

Journal

J Immunol 177:8017-26 (2006)
DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.8017

Reference

PMID:17132726

Authors

Bestebroer J, Poppelier MJ, Ulfman LH, Lenting PJ, Denis CV, van Kessel KP, van Strijp JA, de Haas CJ

Title

Staphylococcal superantigen-like 5 binds PSGL-1 and inhibits P-selectin-mediated neutrophil rolling.

Journal

Blood 109:2936-43 (2007)
DOI:10.1182/blood-2006-06-015461

Reference

PMID:18045383

Authors

Chung MC, Wines BD, Baker H, Langley RJ, Baker EN, Fraser JD

Title

The crystal structure of staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 11 in complex with sialyl Lewis X reveals the mechanism for cell binding and immune inhibition.

Journal

Mol Microbiol 66:1342-55 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05989.x

Reference

PMID:12091905

Authors

Chavakis T, Hussain M, Kanse SM, Peters G, Bretzel RG, Flock JI, Herrmann M, Preissner KT

Title

Staphylococcus aureus extracellular adherence protein serves as anti-inflammatory factor by inhibiting the recruitment of host leukocytes.

Journal

Nat Med 8:687-93 (2002)
DOI:10.1038/nm728

Reference

PMID:17517597

Authors

Li M, Lai Y, Villaruz AE, Cha DJ, Sturdevant DE, Otto M

Title

Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system.

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9469-74 (2007)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0702159104

Reference

PMID:15561843

Authors

Sieprawska-Lupa M, Mydel P, Krawczyk K, Wojcik K, Puklo M, Lupa B, Suder P, Silberring J, Reed M, Pohl J, Shafer W, McAleese F, Foster T, Travis J, Potempa J

Title

Degradation of human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by Staphylococcus aureus-derived proteinases.

Journal

Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4673-9 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/AAC.48.12.4673-4679.2004

Reference

PMID:18837785

Authors

Fraser JD, Proft T

Title

The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins.

Journal

Immunol Rev 225:226-43 (2008)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00681.x