Entry
Name
xanthine oxidase;
hypoxanthine oxidase;
hypoxanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase;
Schardinger enzyme;
xanthine oxidoreductase;
hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase;
xanthine:O2 oxidoreductase;
xanthine:xanthine oxidase
Class
Oxidoreductases;
Acting on CH or CH2 groups;
With oxygen as acceptor
BRITE hierarchy
Sysname
xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase
Reaction(IUBMB)
xanthine + H2O + O2 = urate + H2O2 [RN:
R02107 ]
Reaction(KEGG)
Substrate
Product
Comment
An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein (FAD) containing [2Fe-2S] centres. Also oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes, but is distinct from EC
1.2.3.1 , aldehyde oxidase. Under some conditions the product is mainly superoxide rather than peroxide: RH + H2O + 2 O2 = ROH + 2 O2.- + 2 H+. The mammalian enzyme predominantly exists as an NAD-dependent dehydrogenase (EC
1.17.1.4 , xanthine dehydrogenase). During purification the enzyme is largely converted to the O2-dependent xanthine oxidase form (EC
1.17.3.2 ). The conversion can be triggered by several mechanisms, including the oxidation of cysteine thiols to form disulfide bonds [4,5,7,10] [which can be catalysed by EC
1.8.4.7 , enzyme-thiol transhydrogenase (glutathione-disulfide) in the presence of glutathione disulfide] or limited proteolysis, which results in irreversible conversion. The conversion can also occur in vivo [4,6,10].
History
EC 1.17.3.2 created 1961 as EC 1.2.3.2, transferred 1984 to EC 1.1.3.22, modified 1989, transferred 2004 to EC 1.17.3.2, modified 2011
Pathway
ec00983 Drug metabolism - other enzymes
ec01110 Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites
Orthology
K00106 xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase
Genes
LRUF : 124503607 124503661
PPAD : 109261405 109262396(XDH)
ECB : 100054601 100054641 100054688
EPZ : 103547521(XDH) 103561661 103567354
EAI : 106847214 106847249 106847250
PHAS : 123813617 123822476(XDH)
OAA : 100073679 100078272 100078307 100078335 100078370 100085630 100681543 114806406
BRHI : 104490383 104491493(XDH)
XLA : 108716095(xdh.L) 108717383(xdh.S)
SANH : 107674096 107697780(xdh)
CCAR : 109084316 109107555(xdh)
CAUA : 113060638 113091723 113117257
CGIB : 127933610 127976496
MASI : 127411091 127455270
MSAM : 119884977 119906674(xdh)
CMK : 103182679 103187630(xdh)
RTP : 109913754(xdh) 109930681
CPLA : 122540106(xdh) 122559054
LERI : 129695930 129697556 129697635
BFO : 118404231 118416437 118422838 118425672 118425674 118426141
BBEL : 109467339 109470035 109472408 109484060
CIN : 100181207 100181350 100181761
SCLV : 120338173 120340015 120342206 120342361 120342964 120343470
SPU : 115918813 576712 585597 588814 756453
LPIC : 129254440 129254936 129254937 129264472 129264825 129281843
APLC : 110973665 110973746 110976709 110976819 110981399
AJC : 117107422 117108638 117108639 117108668 117108669
SKO : 100367784 100369948 100370093 100370241 100371837 100374085 100374238 100374711 102807482 102808189
DME : Dmel_CG18516(AOX4) Dmel_CG18519(AOX2) Dmel_CG18522(AOX1) Dmel_CG6045(AOX3) Dmel_CG7642(ry)
DER : 6553059 6553130 6553131 6553132 6553738
DSE : 6606230 6606231 6606232 6606233 6606582
DSI : Dsimw501_GD18875(Dsim_ry) Dsimw501_GD20335(Dsim_GD20335) Dsimw501_GD20336(Dsim_GD20336) Dsimw501_GD20337(Dsim_GD20337) Dsimw501_GD20338(Dsim_GD20338)
DYA : Dyak_GE26236(Dyak_ry) Dyak_GE26365 Dyak_GE26366 Dyak_GE26367 Dyak_GE26368
DAN : 6499278 6499279 6499281 6499282 6499283 6507958
DSR : 110187649 110191806 110191860 110191876 110191877
DPO : 117183732 4801405 4803309 4803310 5384075 5384076 6898005 6898345
DPE : 6587207 6590894 6594489 6594490 6594491 6594492 6594493
DMN : 108153844 108154180 108156882 108156883 108156958 108156959 108160859
DWI : 6647368 6647369 6647370 6648051
DGR : 6563012 6563013 6563145 6563146 6563390 6563581 6563583 6570992
DMO : Dmoj_GI10152 Dmoj_GI22594 Dmoj_GI23360(Dmoj_Xdh)
DNV : 108657347 108660187 108660287
DHE : 111593322 111594552 111604826 111604856
DVI : 116650298 6629800 6632895 6633223 6633224
CCAT : 101450812 101450997 101454827(Xdh) 101456672
BOD : 106616535 106619481 106623490 106623495
RZE : 108358837 108365857 108368616 108370996 108376465
TDA : 119663668 119663790 119663954 119664127 119664128 119676847 119678388 119678389 119678391 119678392 119685360 119685361
MDE : 101897226 101898542 101900980 101901154 101901324
SCAC : 106082379 106082452 106082772 106082773 106082775 106087981 106088014
LCQ : 111674521 111674526 111681636
LSQ : 119606567 119614919 119614929
ECOE : 129938829 129942966 129949495
HIS : 119646436 119647022 119647097 119647240 119651539 119656328 119657859
AGA : AgaP_AGAP005636 AgaP_AGAP005637 AgaP_AGAP005638 AgaP_AGAP006220 AgaP_AGAP006221 AgaP_AGAP006224 AgaP_AGAP006225 AgaP_AGAP006226 AgaP_AGAP007918
ACOZ : 120951441 120951442 120952638 120953808 120953811 120953812 120953813 120953814 120956350 120956351
AARA : 120894535 120897231 120902756 120902793 120902945 120902946 120907621 120908477 120908478
AMER : 121592155 121592156 121592165 121592166 121592168 121592169 121592287 121594259 121597870 121597871
ASTE : 118511287 118511288 118511290 118511291 118511292 118512788 118512789 118514074 118514075
AFUN : 125762820 125762821 125766941 125766942 125767865 125767867 125767868 125770889 125770891
AALI : 118456887 118463932 118464275 118464535 118465599 118465600 118465601
AAG : 23687731 5564528 5567568 5573274 5573280 5573282 5573294 5573295 5573296 5573297 5575671
AALB : 109398275 109403004 109403005 109403053 109403074 109408659 109408662 109408663 109408675 109408692 109408694 109408695 109413809 109421851 109421858 109429794 115268902
CQU : CpipJ_CPIJ004121 CpipJ_CPIJ004365 CpipJ_CPIJ013919 CpipJ_CPIJ013920 CpipJ_CPIJ013921 CpipJ_CPIJ013922 CpipJ_CPIJ013934 CpipJ_CPIJ016888 CpipJ_CPIJ016889 CpipJ_CPIJ017835 CpipJ_CPIJ017836
CPII : 120412669 120423364 120423365 120424639 120424640 120424641 120424642 120424648 120426098 120426101 120430097 120430099 120430127 120430136 120432483
CNS : 116338360 116341334 116349268
BCOO : 119066738 119070653 119073438 119073440 119073442 119074993 119078880 119079462 119081720 119082763 119083861
ACER : 107992582 108003909
ALAB : 122716316 122717249
AFLR : 100863568 100866200
BBIF : 117204638 117214341
BVAN : 117161180 117163355
BTER : 100645396 100650366
BAFF : 126920443 126925728
BPYO : 122571097 122576656
CCAL : 108630201 108630202
MGEN : 117218864 117227018
NMEA : 116432714 116433044
CGIG : 122397030 122401038
SOC : 105194140 105194920 105194921 105195075 105200154
MPHA : 105828703 105828704 105831295 105835087 105835225
AEC : 105147363 105150087 105150088 105150095
ACEP : 105621442 105621443 105621444 105624849
PBAR : 105428843 105428975 105433344
VEM : 105560955 105565564 105570086 105570087
HST : 105181992 105181993 105187386
PCF : 106785781 106786804 106790306
PFUC : 122514548 122520138 122520139
VCRB : 124424470 124430598
NVI : 100120307 100122636 100123235 100123244 116738587
CSOL : 105360975 105361160 105362635 105362748
TPRE : 106650835 106650936 106652196 106652199 106652303
CGLO : 123260022 123267458
FAS : 105266387 105266485 105270848 105271268
DAM : 107036813 107036814 107041335 107045032 107045033
CINS : 118066936 118075161
VCAN : 122408780 122413991
CCIN : 107269143 107270342
TCA : 655982 656059 656621 656938
SOY : 115875246 115875264 115885157
AGRG : 126739767 126741988 126742030 126742065 126745822
ATD : 109598932 109598934 109599933 109600365 109602553 109602563 109604512 109604513 109605895
CSET : 123314351 123322847 123322850
AGB : 108904576 108906838 108909767 108909768 108909769
LDC : 111502823 111508569 111509937 111509938 111514068
NVL : 108556639 108558270 108564547
APLN : 108745232 108745235 112906752
PPYR : 116165573 116176375 116176415 116176470 116176584 116177444
OTU : 111413388 111425273 111425274
BMOR : 100126537(Aox2) 100126538(Aox1) 101736569 101738209 101738479 101738607 101738746 101739179 101741112 692751(Xdh1) 692757(Xdh2)
BMAN : 114244354 114244356 114244361 114244393 114248223 114248644 114248648 114250054 114250056 114250075
MSEX : 115440452 115440464 115447187 115447190 115447203 115451583 115451584 115451585 115451586 115451588 115452966 115453444 115453445 115453584 115453587 115453828 115453829 115454300 115454344 119188979 119189033 119191151 119191222 119192447
DPL : KGM_200223 KGM_204714 KGM_205480 KGM_205813 KGM_205814 KGM_208006 KGM_210883
BANY : 112045001 112045016 112054404 112054752 112054753 112054754 112054755 112054759 112054963 112057810 112057811 112057812 112057839 112057840 112057841 112057856
MJU : 123869419 123869421 123872921 123872923 123873115 123873116 123873117 123873118 123873119 123873120 123873121 123873139 123873140 123873263 123873299 123873431
NIQ : 126769429 126769431 126769432 126769434 126769439 126769560 126771035 126771036
VCD : 124531720 124531794 124535652 124535662 124535680 124535834 124535836 124535837 124535838 124535867 124535911
MCIX : 123655845 123655872 123660935 123660953 123661029 123661044 123661049 123661053 123661124
PMAC : 106710091 106710107 106710109 106710136 106711951 106714714 106715021 106717766 106717831 106719818 106720051
PPOT : 106101429 106101431 106101450 106101589 106101627 106101631 106102803 106102857 106106642 106106652
PXU : 106113607 106113736 106113818 106113820 106113821 106113900 106113906 106116114 106125300 106126443
PRAP : 110991669 110991684 110991702 110991712 110992974 110992986 110994009 110994024 111002738 123689272
PBX : 123708067 123708311 123708957 123710387 123711913 123713437
PNAP : 125050950 125051052 125051626 125051627 125051634 125051675 125051750 125052023 125052682
ZCE : 119832790 119832800 119832806 119832807 119832832 119832842 119833037 119834532 119834570
CCRC : 123693506 123693745 123697136 123697296 123697297 123697321 123697431 123697493 123697591
LSIN : 126964485 126964729 126965358 126965359 126974254 126974257 126980172
HAW : 110370678 110370752 110372104 110372128 110372130 110372133 110372181 110372197 110380988 110380991 110381338 110381339 110381341 126055346 126055438
HZE : 124629494 124629498 124636173 124636306 124636339 124636357 124636378 124636458 124636464 124636532 124636564 124636672 124636689
TNL : 113497333 113497732 113503713 113503720 113503722 113503729 113503763 113503779 113503796 113503838 113503843 113503874 113503882 113503884 113503919 113503921 113503932 113503934 113503935 113503936 113503938 113503973 113506576
SLIU : 111348447 111348462 111353324 111356384 111356385 111356424 111356425 111356552 111356719 111356722 111356789 111356791 111356793 111356887 111356892 111362286 111362287
OFU : 114354018 114354019 114355388 114355432 114355434 114357816 114357817 114364650 114364654 114364657 114366400
PXY : 105382860 105383538 105383938 105384208 105389900 105390506 105392377
PGW : 126367987 126367988 126373064 126373065 126373076 126373077 126373246 126373277 126373278 126373432
CFEL : 113363631 113371180 113371181 113371182 113371184 113371186 113371188 113371189 113371190
CCRN : 123294646 123294737 123295492 123296600 123296601 123296897 123296898 123296899
BTAB : 109038855 109038856 109038857 109043878
DCI : 103505953 103506383 103506446
CLEC : 106667598 106667714 106667742 106669696 106669697
HHAL : 106678177 106678423 106679843 106684762 106685392 106685394 106685395 106689827 112211197
NLU : 111047233 111048124 111055221 111055387 111056736 111057942 111060901
HVI : 124353553 124353562 124353847 124356567 124361276 124364531 124365030 124365448 124368019 124368021 124369924 124373373 124373399
TPAL : 117648364 117652562
ZNE : 110830577 110831923 110834599
CSEC : 111862067 111863409 111871103
SGRE : 126278953 126284055 126284100 126284101 126284382 126285446 126334824
FCD : 110842136 110845042 110845123 110846051 110846885 110850366 110850372 110851258 110853954 110856936 110859404 110860745
DPX : DAPPUDRAFT_303976 DAPPUDRAFT_308494 DAPPUDRAFT_313254
DPZ : 124312636 124335927 124335929
PVM : 113803334 113807596 113816325 113816330 113818250 113820698 113821249 113822117
PJA : 122244700 122246368 122253058 122253059 122254912 122257079 122258314 122266166
PCHN : 125030592 125030783 125042430 125042725 125045715 125045892 125045928 125046051 125047242
PMOO : 119576434 119576435 119584798 119589554 119590044 119590688 119590831 119590835 119593062
HAME : 121855940 121863052 121873153
PCLA : 123760653 123761435 123764494 123764597 123769025 123772069
CQD : 128695774 128695848 128700182 128702673 128703487
PTRU : 123502998 123503217 123503640 123506534
ESN : 126980375 126984540 126993215 127001981
HAZT : 108666840 108669464 108671723 108673679 108676789 108682927
EAF : 111706059 111707581 111710914 111711437 111711542 111711549 111715053
LSM : 121122557 121123168 121124867 121129430
PPOI : 119091293 119096475 119098016 119101191 119101322
PMEO : 129582465 129585226 129585412 129595643 129595644 129595645 129595649 129595650 129598648 129598650
CEL : CELE_F55B11.1(xdh-1)
HRO : HELRODRAFT_110470 HELRODRAFT_77403
LGI : LOTGIDRAFT_131803 LOTGIDRAFT_142910 LOTGIDRAFT_160669 LOTGIDRAFT_221063 LOTGIDRAFT_226623 LOTGIDRAFT_231915
PCAN : 112558481 112558482 112558485 112558486 112558487 112558498 112558796 112558798 112558805 112558811 112560136 112560812 112570128 112570129 112570981 112571030
BGT : 106053189 106054344 106054458 106055410 106056807 106056890 106056891 106059682 106059685 106061888 106062035
GAE : 121370649 121371427 121371431 121371433 121379110 121381254
HRF : 124121495 124123849 124123859 124131799 124131800 124131803 124138159 124138160 124138161 124138163 124138164 124138211 124138597 124142279 124142280 124145701 124146369 125371665
HRJ : 124268728 124268729 124268730 124268731 124268793 124268795 124268796 124268798 124280457 124280458 124283166 124283210 124283229 124284107 124290733 124290734
CRG : 105320492 105320513 105320852 105322104 105338956
CVN : 111105600 111107393 111108476 111129061 111131269 111136587
CANU : 128159000 128160434 128174919 128176493 128183107
OED : 125646862 125649129 125655837
MYI : 110445033 110450249 110456211 110456221 110461878 110465502 110466688
PMAX : 117314925 117317704 117321650 117324561 117335971 117336390
MCAF : 127699183 127699208 127729338
MMER : 123523256 123523267 123535767 123535779 123536060 123536061 123544928 123558173 123561824
DPOL : 127852722 127852926 127865162 127871794 127877386
LAK : 106150636 106154083 106154084 106155380 106156363 106164024 106165802 106168247 106168374 106168375 106171242 106176707 112042293
NVE : 5502195 5503264 5505020 5505093 5507602 5517059
EPA : 110233962 110236355 110236358 110242287
ATEN : 116292241 116293509 116298401 116306789 116308284
ADF : 107328902 107337555 107348750 107355055
AMIL : 114963640 114975650 114975704
PDAM : 113664414 113669307 113684296
SPIS : 111323187 111323199 111324914 111344894
DGT : 114519687 114519708 114523124 114534119 114534120 114539283
TAD : TRIADDRAFT_26553 TRIADDRAFT_26606 TRIADDRAFT_27111 TRIADDRAFT_57138
AQU : 100631413 100631668 100631741 100632280 100636568 100638049 100639167 100640399
ATH : AT4G34890(XDH1) AT4G34900(XDH2)
CSAT : 104716647 104721300 104729731
BNA : 106345323 106365498 106375286 106434738 125575486
CCAJ : 109805880 109806687
TPRA : 123894025 123899973
LJA : Lj3g3v1694660.1(Lj3g3v1694660.1)
PCIN : 129302376 129311187
MSYL : 126588952 126589823 126614755
SPEN : 107004608 107005062
SSPL : 121753030 121792706
APAN : 127259147 127259152
ECAD : 122602516 122602642
CQI : 110696014 110696015 110736203
ATRI : 130828765 130828882
MING : 122070457 122070465 122071657
PSOM : 113320865 113321339
DOSA : Os03t0429800-01(Os03g0429800)
TAES : 123049061 123125438 123143571 123181425
SMO : SELMODRAFT_172098(XDH-2) SELMODRAFT_443347 SELMODRAFT_444585 SELMODRAFT_83922(XDH-1)
NTE : NEUTE1DRAFT130703(NEUTE1DRAFT_130703)
TMN : UCRPA7_4126 UCRPA7_883
FVR : FVEG_09642 FVEG_12680
FOX : FOXG_11147 FOXG_15354
NHE : NECHADRAFT_74201 NECHADRAFT_93123
FFC : NCS54_00027200 NCS54_00624000
FMU : J7337_000321 J7337_003316
SSL : SS1G_08428 SS1G_14350
BFU : BCIN_12g02310 BCIN_14g05060
PSCO : LY89DRAFT_706582 LY89DRAFT_781300
GLZ : GLAREA_08868 GLAREA_09632
NFI : NFIA_094210 NFIA_105140
ANG : An03g01530 An04g05440
ALUC : AKAW2_10106S AKAW2_51514S
ACHE : ACHE_10608S ACHE_30019A
APUU : APUU_31650S APUU_40979S
TRG : TRUGW13939_02782 TRUGW13939_07238
PBL : PAAG_02640 PAAG_03629
PBN : PADG_01660 PADG_06197
AJE : HCAG_01659 HCAG_06867
BGH : BDBG_03499 BDBG_09398
PNO : SNOG_04191 SNOG_07509
BZE : COCCADRAFT_5375 COCCADRAFT_89627
BSC : COCSADRAFT_105648 COCSADRAFT_172265
BOR : COCMIDRAFT_6414 COCMIDRAFT_82012
AALT : CC77DRAFT_1065456 CC77DRAFT_946656
ARAB : EKO05_0001885 EKO05_0006242
PFJ : MYCFIDRAFT_45300 MYCFIDRAFT_48128
NPA : UCRNP2_5272 UCRNP2_9149
ACAN : ACA1_045720 ACA1_052830 ACA1_275400
FCY : FRACYDRAFT_209625(XDH)
AAF : AURANDRAFT_36810 AURANDRAFT_71657
SPAR : SPRG_01095 SPRG_14003
EHX : EMIHUDRAFT_109218 EMIHUDRAFT_226032 EMIHUDRAFT_461094 EMIHUDRAFT_469173 EMIHUDRAFT_50708
TVA : TVAG_2v0106740 TVAG_2v0748490
» show all
Taxonomy
Reference
1
Authors
Avis, P.G., Bergel, F. and Bray, R.C.
Title
Cellular constituents. The chemistry of xanthine oxidase. Part I. The preparation of a crystalline xanthine oxidase from cow's milk.
Journal
J Chem Soc (Lond) 1100-1105 (1955)
Reference
Authors
Battelli MG, Lorenzoni E.
Title
Purification and properties of a new glutathione-dependent thiol:disulphide oxidoreductase from rat liver.
Journal
Reference
3
Authors
Bray, R.C.
Title
Xanthine oxidase.
Journal
In: Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. (Eds.), The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 533-556.
Reference
Authors
Corte ED, Stirpe F.
Title
The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Involvement of thiol groups in the conversion of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) into oxidase (type O) and purification of the enzyme.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ikegami T, Nishino T
Title
The presence of desulfo xanthine dehydrogenase in purified and crude enzyme preparations from rat liver.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Engerson TD, McKelvey TG, Rhyne DB, Boggio EB, Snyder SJ, Jones HP
Title
Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat tissues.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Saito T, Nishino T, Tsushima K
Title
Interconversion between NAD-dependent and O2-dependent types of rat liver xanthine dehydrogenase and difference in kinetic and redox properties between them.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Carpani G, Racchi M, Ghezzi P, Terao M, Garattini E.
Title
Purification and characterization of mouse liver xanthine oxidase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Eger BT, Okamoto K, Enroth C, Sato M, Nishino T, Pai EF, Nishino T.
Title
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase isolated from bovine milk.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nishino T, Okamoto K, Eger BT, Pai EF, Nishino T
Title
Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase - mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase.
Journal
Other DBs
ExplorEnz - The Enzyme Database: 1.17.3.2
ExPASy - ENZYME nomenclature database: 1.17.3.2
UM-BBD (Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database): 1.17.3.2
LinkDB
All DBs