KEGG DISEASE: Spinal muscular atrophy

KEGG

DISEASE: Spinal muscular atrophy

Entry

H00455                      Disease

Name

Spinal muscular atrophy

Subgroup

Werdning-Hoffman disease (SMA1)
Spinal muscular atrophy type II (SMA2)
Kugeleberg-Welander disease (SMA3)
Spinal muscular atrophy type IV (SMA4)
X-linked SMA (SMAX) [DS:H00062]
SMA proximal adult autosomal dominant (SMAPAD)
SMA, lower extremity-predominant, autosomal dominant (SMALED)
Spinal muscular atrophy, infantile, James type (SMAJI)

Description

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease characterized by degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis. The most common form of SMA is caused by mutations of the SMN gene, that encodes the SMN protein, which regulates snRNP assembly. Four types of SMA are recognized depending on the age of onset and the severity of the disease: type I (Werdning-Hoffman), type II (intermediate), type III (Kugeleberg-Welander) and type IV (adult form). Other forms of spinal muscular atrophy are caused by mutation of other genes, some known and others not yet defined.

Category

Neurodegenerative disease

Brite

Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
08 Diseases of the nervous system
  Motor neuron diseases or related disorders
   8B61  Spinal muscular atrophy
    H00455  Spinal muscular atrophy
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Cellular process
  nt06515  Regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions
   H00455  Spinal muscular atrophy
  nt06541  Cytoskeleton in neurons
   H00455  Spinal muscular atrophy

Network

nt06515 Regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions
nt06541 Cytoskeleton in neurons

Gene

(SMA1/2/3/4) SMN1 [HSA:6606] [KO:K13129]
(SMA3) SMN2 [HSA:6607] [KO:K13129]
(SMAX1) AR [HSA:367] [KO:K08557]
(SMAX2) UBA1 [HSA:7317] [KO:K03178]
(SMAX3) ATP7A [HSA:538] [KO:K17686]
(SMAPAD) VAPB [HSA:9217] [KO:K10707]
(SMALED1) DYNC1H1 [HSA:1778] [KO:K10413]
(SMALED2A/2B) BICD2 [HSA:23299] [KO:K18739]
(SMAJI) GARS1 [HSA:2617] [KO:K01880]

Drug

Nusinersen sodium [DR:D10791]
Onasemnogene abeparvovec [DR:D11559] (bi-allelic SMN1 mutations)
Risdiplam [DR:D11406]

Comment

See H00062 for detail of SMAX1.
See also H00856 Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dHMN).

Other DBs

ICD-11:

MeSH:

D009134 D014897

OMIM:

253300 253550 253400 271150 301830 300489 182980 158600 615290 618291 619042

Reference

Authors

Stavarachi M, Apostol P, Toma M, Cimponeriu D, Gavrila L

Title

Spinal muscular atrophy disease: a literature review for therapeutic strategies.

Journal

J Med Life 3:3-9 (2010)

Reference

PMID:8922999 (SMA1)

Authors

Parsons DW, McAndrew PE, Monani UR, Mendell JR, Burghes AH, Prior TW

Title

An 11 base pair duplication in exon 6 of the SMN gene produces a type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) phenotype: further evidence for SMN as the primary SMA-determining gene.

Journal

Hum Mol Genet 5:1727-32 (1996)
DOI:10.1093/hmg/5.11.1727

Reference

PMID:9158159 (SMA2 SMA3)

Authors

Hahnen E, Schonling J, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Raschke H, Zerres K, Wirth B

Title

Missense mutations in exon 6 of the survival motor neuron gene in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Journal

Hum Mol Genet 6:821-5 (1997)
DOI:10.1093/hmg/6.5.821

Reference

PMID:7658877 (SMA4)

Authors

Brahe C, Servidei S, Zappata S, Ricci E, Tonali P, Neri G

Title

Genetic homogeneity between childhood-onset and adult-onset autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy.

Journal

Lancet 346:741-2 (1995)
DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91507-9

Reference

PMID:19716110 (SMA3)

Authors

Prior TW, Krainer AR, Hua Y, Swoboda KJ, Snyder PC, Bridgeman SJ, Burghes AH, Kissel JT

Title

A positive modifier of spinal muscular atrophy in the SMN2 gene.

Journal

Am J Hum Genet 85:408-13 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.08.002

Reference

PMID:2062380 (SMAX1)

Authors

La Spada AR, Wilson EM, Lubahn DB, Harding AE, Fischbeck KH

Title

Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.

Journal

Nature 352:77-9 (1991)
DOI:10.1038/352077a0

Reference

PMID:18179898 (SMAX2)

Authors

Ramser J, Ahearn ME, Lenski C, Yariz KO, Hellebrand H, von Rhein M, Clark RD, Schmutzler RK, Lichtner P, Hoffman EP, Meindl A, Baumbach-Reardon L

Title

Rare missense and synonymous variants in UBE1 are associated with X-linked infantile spinal muscular atrophy.

Journal

Am J Hum Genet 82:188-93 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.009

Reference

PMID:20170900 (SMAX3)

Authors

Kennerson ML, Nicholson GA, Kaler SG, Kowalski B, Mercer JF, Tang J, Llanos RM, Chu S, Takata RI, Speck-Martins CE, Baets J, Almeida-Souza L, Fischer D, Timmerman V, Taylor PE, Scherer SS, Ferguson TA, Bird TD, De Jonghe P, Feely SM, Shy ME, Garbern JY

Title

Missense mutations in the copper transporter gene ATP7A cause X-linked distal hereditary motor neuropathy.

Journal

Am J Hum Genet 86:343-52 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.01.027

Reference

PMID:15372378 (SMAPAD)

Authors

Nishimura AL, Mitne-Neto M, Silva HC, Richieri-Costa A, Middleton S, Cascio D, Kok F, Oliveira JR, Gillingwater T, Webb J, Skehel P, Zatz M

Title

A mutation in the vesicle-trafficking protein VAPB causes late-onset spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Journal

Am J Hum Genet 75:822-31 (2004)
DOI:10.1086/425287

Reference

PMID:22459677 (SMALED1)

Authors

Harms MB, Ori-McKenney KM, Scoto M, Tuck EP, Bell S, Ma D, Masi S, Allred P, Al-Lozi M, Reilly MM, Miller LJ, Jani-Acsadi A, Pestronk A, Shy ME, Muntoni F, Vallee RB, Baloh RH

Title

Mutations in the tail domain of DYNC1H1 cause dominant spinal muscular atrophy.

Journal

Neurology 78:1714-20 (2012)
DOI:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182556c05

Reference

PMID:23664116 (SMALED2A)

Authors

Neveling K, Martinez-Carrera LA, Holker I, Heister A, Verrips A, Hosseini-Barkooie SM, Gilissen C, Vermeer S, Pennings M, Meijer R, te Riele M, Frijns CJ, Suchowersky O, MacLaren L, Rudnik-Schoneborn S, Sinke RJ, Zerres K, Lowry RB, Lemmink HH, Garbes L, Veltman JA, Schelhaas HJ, Scheffer H, Wirth B

Title

Mutations in BICD2, which encodes a golgin and important motor adaptor, cause congenital autosomal-dominant spinal muscular atrophy.

Journal

Am J Hum Genet 92:946-54 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.011

Reference

PMID:27751653 (SMALED2B)

Authors

Ravenscroft G, Di Donato N, Hahn G, Davis MR, Craven PD, Poke G, Neas KR, Neuhann TM, Dobyns WB, Laing NG

Title

Recurrent de novo BICD2 mutation associated with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria.

Journal

Neuromuscul Disord 26:744-748 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.nmd.2016.09.009

Reference

PMID:32181591 (SMAJI)

Authors

Markovitz R, Ghosh R, Kuo ME, Hong W, Lim J, Bernes S, Manberg S, Crosby K, Tanpaiboon P, Bharucha-Goebel D, Bonnemann C, Mohila CA, Mizerik E, Woodbury S, Bi W, Lotze T, Antonellis A, Xiao R, Potocki L

Title

GARS-related disease in infantile spinal muscular atrophy: Implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Journal

Am J Med Genet A 182:1167-1176 (2020)
DOI:10.1002/ajmg.a.61544

LinkDB

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