KEGG PATHWAY: ko00543

PATHWAY: ko00543

Entry

ko00543                     Pathway

Name

Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis

Description

Extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) are diverse macromolecules synthesized by microorganisms and secreted into the surrounding environment. Major parts of biofilms for bacterial communities are formed by exopolysaccharides, such as colonic acid, alginate, Psl polysaccharide, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine and vibrio polysaccharide. Other examples of EPSs include amylovoran and stewartan in plant-pathogenic bacteria, as well as industrially used xanthan.

Class

Metabolism; Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism

Pathway map

ko00543

Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis

Orthology

K00640

cysE; serine O-acetyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.30]

K02851

wecA, tagO, rfe; UDP-GlcNAc:undecaprenyl-phosphate/decaprenyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase [EC:2.7.8.33 2.7.8.35]

K02852

wecG, rffM; UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronate:lipid I N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.180]

K03208

wcaI; putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaI

K03606

wcaJ; undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase [EC:2.7.8.31]

K03818

wcaF; putative colanic acid biosynthesis acetyltransferase WcaF [EC:2.3.1.-]

K03819

wcaB; putative colanic acid biosynthesis acetyltransferase WcaB [EC:2.3.1.-]

K11936

pgaC, icaA; poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthase [EC:2.4.1.-]

K11937

pgaD; biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaD

K12582

wecF, rffT; dTDP-N-acetylfucosamine:lipid II N-acetylfucosaminyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.325]

K13656

gumD; undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase [EC:2.7.8.31]

K13657

gumH, aceA; alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.252]

K13658

gumI; beta-1,4-mannosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.251]

K13659

gumK; 2-beta-glucuronyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.264]

K13660

gumM; beta-1,4-glucosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-]

K13663

gumF; acyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.-]

K13664

gumG; acyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.-]

K13665

gumL; pyruvyltransferase

K13683

wcaE; putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaE [EC:2.4.-.-]

K13684

wcaC; putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaC [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16555

exoO; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoO [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16556

exoM; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoM [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16557

exoA; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoA [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16558

exoL; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoL [EC:2.-.-.-]

K16560

exoH; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoH

K16562

exoW; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoW [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16563

exoV; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoV

K16564

exoU; succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoU [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16566

exoY; exopolysaccharide production protein ExoY

K16568

exoZ; exopolysaccharide production protein ExoZ

K16700

amsB, cpsE; amylovoran/stewartan biosynthesis glycosyltransferase AmsB/CpsE [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16701

amsD; amylovoran biosynthesis glycosyltransferase AmsD [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16702

amsE; amylovoran biosynthesis glycosyltransferase AmsE [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16703

wcaL, amsK, cpsK; colanic acid/amylovoran/stewartan biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaL/AmsK/CpsK [EC:2.4.-.-]

K16707

amsG, cpsA; UDP-galactose-lipid carrier transferase

K16710

wcaK, amsJ; colanic acid/amylovoran biosynthesis protein WcaK/AmsJ

K19290

alg8; mannuronan synthase [EC:2.4.1.33]

K19291

alg44; mannuronan synthase [EC:2.4.1.33]

K19293

algX; alginate biosynthesis protein AlgX

K19294

algI; alginate O-acetyltransferase complex protein AlgI

K19295

algJ; alginate O-acetyltransferase complex protein AlgJ

K19296

algF; alginate O-acetyltransferase complex protein AlgF

K20921

vpsD, epsF; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsD

K20922

vpsI; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsI

K20997

pslA; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslA

K20999

pslF; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslF

K21001

pslH; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslH

K21002

pslI; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslI

K21154

pssM; exopolysaccharide glucosyl ketal-pyruvate-transferase [EC:2.5.1.98]

K21461

icaD; poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthesis protein

K25205

pslC; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslC

K25875

wcaA; putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaA

K25886

vpsK; polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsK

K25887

aceA; undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase

K25888

aceB; beta-1,4-glucosyltransferase

K25889

aceQ; glucosyltransferase

K25890

aceP; beta-1,6-glucosyltransferase

K25891

aceR; rhamnosyltransferase

K25892

aceI; acyltransferase

K25902

pssA; acidic exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein PssA

K25903

pssD; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glucuronosyltransferase PssD

K25904

pssE; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glucuronosyltransferase PssE

K25905

pssC; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssC

K25906

pssS; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glucosyltransferase PssS

K25907

pssF; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssF

K25908

pssI; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssI

K25909

pssG; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssG

K25910

pssH; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssH

K25911

pssJ; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis galactosyltransferase PssJ

K25912

pssR; exopolysaccharide acyltransferase PssR

K25913

pssK; exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein PssK

K25957

cpsG; stewartan biosynthesis glycosyltransferase CpsG

K25958

cpsF; stewartan biosynthesis galactosyltransferase CpsF

Reference

PMID:8759852

Authors

Stevenson G, Andrianopoulos K, Hobbs M, Reeves PR

Title

Organization of the Escherichia coli K-12 gene cluster responsible for production of the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid.

Journal

J Bacteriol 178:4885-93 (1996)
DOI:10.1128/JB.178.16.4885-4893.1996

Reference

PMID:16756484

Authors

Whitfield C

Title

Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli.

Journal

Annu Rev Biochem 75:39-68 (2006)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142545

Reference

PMID:32590169

Authors

Wang C, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen S, Wang Z, Zhao L, Wang X

Title

Colanic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is dependent on lipopolysaccharide structure and glucose availability.

Journal

Microbiol Res 239:126527 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126527

Reference

PMID:17227761

Authors

Meredith TC, Mamat U, Kaczynski Z, Lindner B, Holst O, Woodard RW

Title

Modification of lipopolysaccharide with colanic acid (M-antigen) repeats in Escherichia coli.

Journal

J Biol Chem 282:7790-8 (2007)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M611034200

Reference

PMID:22408159

Authors

Patel KB, Toh E, Fernandez XB, Hanuszkiewicz A, Hardy GG, Brun YV, Bernards MA, Valvano MA

Title

Functional characterization of UDP-glucose:undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate transferases of Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus.

Journal

J Bacteriol 194:2646-57 (2012)
DOI:10.1128/JB.06052-11

Reference

PMID:11673418

Authors

Rahman A, Barr K, Rick PD

Title

Identification of the structural gene for the TDP-Fuc4NAc:lipid II Fuc4NAc transferase involved in synthesis of enterobacterial common antigen in Escherichia coli K-12.

Journal

J Bacteriol 183:6509-16 (2001)
DOI:10.1128/JB.183.22.6509-6516.2001

Reference

PMID:1730666

Authors

Meier-Dieter U, Barr K, Starman R, Hatch L, Rick PD

Title

Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli rfe gene involved in the synthesis of enterobacterial common antigen. Molecular cloning of the rfe-rff gene cluster.

Journal

J Biol Chem 267:746-53 (1992)

Reference

PMID:32839412

Authors

Maciejewska A, Kaszowska M, Jachymek W, Lugowski C, Lukasiewicz J

Title

Lipopolysaccharide-Linked Enterobacterial Common Antigen (ECALPS) Occurs in Rough Strains of Escherichia coli R1, R2, and R4.

Journal

Int J Mol Sci 21:E6038 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21176038

Reference

PMID:32788387

Authors

Rai AK, Mitchell AM

Title

Enterobacterial Common Antigen: Synthesis and Function of an Enigmatic Molecule.

Journal

mBio 11:e01914-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/mBio.01914-20

Reference

PMID:28988302

Authors

Urtuvia V, Maturana N, Acevedo F, Pena C, Diaz-Barrera A

Title

Bacterial alginate production: an overview of its biosynthesis and potential industrial production.

Journal

World J Microbiol Biotechnol 33:198 (2017)
DOI:10.1007/s11274-017-2363-x

Reference

PMID:18524915

Authors

Oglesby LL, Jain S, Ohman DE

Title

Membrane topology and roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alg8 and Alg44 in alginate polymerization.

Journal

Microbiology 154:1605-15 (2008)
DOI:10.1099/mic.0.2007/015305-0

Reference

PMID:12003941

Authors

Franklin MJ, Ohman DE

Title

Mutant analysis and cellular localization of the AlgI, AlgJ, and AlgF proteins required for O acetylation of alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Journal

J Bacteriol 184:3000-7 (2002)
DOI:10.1128/JB.184.11.3000-3007.2002

Reference

PMID:23779107

Authors

Riley LM, Weadge JT, Baker P, Robinson H, Codee JD, Tipton PA, Ohman DE, Howell PL

Title

Structural and functional characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgX: role of AlgX in alginate acetylation.

Journal

J Biol Chem 288:22299-314 (2013)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M113.484931

Reference

PMID:15231778

Authors

Jackson KD, Starkey M, Kremer S, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ

Title

Identification of psl, a locus encoding a potential exopolysaccharide that is essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation.

Journal

J Bacteriol 186:4466-75 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/JB.186.14.4466-4475.2004

Reference

PMID:19659934

Authors

Byrd MS, Sadovskaya I, Vinogradov E, Lu H, Sprinkle AB, Richardson SH, Ma L, Ralston B, Parsek MR, Anderson EM, Lam JS, Wozniak DJ

Title

Genetic and biochemical analyses of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Psl exopolysaccharide reveal overlapping roles for polysaccharide synthesis enzymes in Psl and LPS production.

Journal

Mol Microbiol 73:622-38 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06795.x

Reference

PMID:21991261

Authors

Franklin MJ, Nivens DE, Weadge JT, Howell PL

Title

Biosynthesis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Extracellular Polysaccharides, Alginate, Pel, and Psl.

Journal

Front Microbiol 2:167 (2011)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00167

Reference

PMID:9660830

Authors

Gerke C, Kraft A, Sussmuth R, Schweitzer O, Gotz F

Title

Characterization of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity involved in the biosynthesis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin.

Journal

J Biol Chem 273:18586-93 (1998)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.273.29.18586

Reference

PMID:15090514

Authors

Wang X, Preston JF 3rd, Romeo T

Title

The pgaABCD locus of Escherichia coli promotes the synthesis of a polysaccharide adhesin required for biofilm formation.

Journal

J Bacteriol 186:2724-34 (2004)
DOI:10.1128/JB.186.9.2724-2734.2004

Reference

PMID:18359807

Authors

Itoh Y, Rice JD, Goller C, Pannuri A, Taylor J, Meisner J, Beveridge TJ, Preston JF 3rd, Romeo T

Title

Roles of pgaABCD genes in synthesis, modification, and export of the Escherichia coli biofilm adhesin poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

Journal

J Bacteriol 190:3670-80 (2008)
DOI:10.1128/JB.01920-07

Reference

PMID:24520310

Authors

Yildiz F, Fong J, Sadovskaya I, Grard T, Vinogradov E

Title

Structural characterization of the extracellular polysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O1 El-Tor.

Journal

PLoS One 9:e86751 (2014)
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0086751

Reference

PMID:20466768

Authors

Fong JC, Syed KA, Klose KE, Yildiz FH

Title

Role of Vibrio polysaccharide (vps) genes in VPS production, biofilm formation and Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis.

Journal

Microbiology 156:2757-69 (2010)
DOI:10.1099/mic.0.040196-0

Reference

PMID:8988363

Authors

Griffin AM, Morris VJ, Gasson MJ

Title

Genetic analysis of the acetan biosynthetic pathway in Acetobacter xylinum: nucleotide sequence analysis of the aceB, aceC, aceD and aceE genes.

Journal

DNA Seq 6:275-84 (1996)
DOI:10.3109/10425179609020874

Reference

PMID:33799945

Authors

Trcek J, Dogsa I, Accetto T, Stopar D

Title

Acetan and Acetan-Like Polysaccharides: Genetics, Biosynthesis, Structure, and Viscoelasticity.

Journal

Polymers (Basel) 13:815 (2021)
DOI:10.3390/polym13050815

Reference

PMID:8910054

Authors

Ojinnaka C, Jay AJ, Colquhoun IJ, Brownsey GJ, Morris ER, Morris VJ

Title

Structure and conformation of acetan polysaccharide.

Journal

Int J Biol Macromol 19:149-56 (1996)
DOI:10.1016/0141-8130(96)01120-8

Reference

PMID:7780996

Authors

Colquhoun IJ, Defernez M, Morris VJ

Title

NMR studies of acetan and the related bacterial polysaccharide, CR1/4, produced by a mutant strain of Acetobacter xylinum.

Journal

Carbohydr Res 269:319-31 (1995)
DOI:10.1016/0008-6215(94)00367-o

Reference

PMID:9763683

Authors

Becker A, Katzen F, Puhler A, Ielpi L.

Title

Xanthan gum biosynthesis and application: a biochemical/genetic perspective.

Journal

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50:145-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1007/s002530051269

Reference

PMID:8472258

Authors

Stankowski JD, Mueller BE, Zeller SG

Title

Location of a second O-acetyl group in xanthan gum by the reductive-cleavage method.

Journal

Carbohydr Res 241:321-6 (1993)
DOI:10.1016/0008-6215(93)80123-v

Reference

PMID:27255488

Authors

Wu D, Li A, Ma F, Yang J, Xie Y

Title

Genetic control and regulatory mechanisms of succinoglycan and curdlan biosynthesis in genus Agrobacterium.

Journal

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:6183-6192 (2016)
DOI:10.1007/s00253-016-7650-1

Reference

PMID:8226645

Authors

Glucksmann MA, Reuber TL, Walker GC

Title

Family of glycosyl transferases needed for the synthesis of succinoglycan by Rhizobium meliloti.

Journal

J Bacteriol 175:7033-44 (1993)
DOI:10.1128/JB.175.21.7033-7044.1993

Reference

PMID:26217319

Authors

Becker A

Title

Challenges and perspectives in combinatorial assembly of novel exopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathways.

Journal

Front Microbiol 6:687 (2015)
DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00687

Reference

PMID:8343955

Authors

Reuber TL, Walker GC

Title

Biosynthesis of succinoglycan, a symbiotically important exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti.

Journal

Cell 74:269-80 (1993)
DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90418-p

Reference

PMID:16483356

Authors

Skorupska A, Janczarek M, Marczak M, Mazur A, Krol J

Title

Rhizobial exopolysaccharides: genetic control and symbiotic functions.

Journal

Microb Cell Fact 5:7 (2006)
DOI:10.1186/1475-2859-5-7

Reference

PMID:34207734

Authors

Acosta-Jurado S, Fuentes-Romero F, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Janczarek M, Vinardell JM

Title

Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides: Genetic Regulation of Their Synthesis and Relevance in Symbiosis with Legumes.

Journal

Int J Mol Sci 22:6233 (2021)
DOI:10.3390/ijms22126233

Reference

PMID:33092221

Authors

Marczak M, Wojcik M, Zebracki K, Turska-Szewczuk A, Talarek K, Nowak D, Wawiorka L, Sienczyk M, Lupicka-Slowik A, Bobrek K, Romanczuk M, Koper P, Mazur A

Title

PssJ Is a Terminal Galactosyltransferase Involved in the Assembly of the Exopolysaccharide Subunit in Rhizobium Leguminosarum bv. Trifolii.

Journal

Int J Mol Sci 21:E7764 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21207764

Reference

PMID:8765060

Authors

Nimtz M, Mort A, Domke T, Wray V, Zhang Y, Qiu F, Coplin D, Geider K

Title

Structure of amylovoran, the capsular exopolysaccharide from the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora.

Journal

Carbohydr Res 287:59-76 (1996)
DOI:10.1016/0008-6215(96)00070-5