Entry
Name
Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Description
Extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) are diverse macromolecules synthesized by microorganisms and secreted into the surrounding environment. Major parts of biofilms for bacterial communities are formed by exopolysaccharides, such as colonic acid, alginate, Psl polysaccharide, poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine and vibrio polysaccharide. Other examples of EPSs include amylovoran and stewartan in plant-pathogenic bacteria, as well as industrially used xanthan.
Class
Metabolism; Glycan biosynthesis and metabolism
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
ko00543 Exopolysaccharide biosynthesis
Ortholog table
Orthology
K03606 undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase [EC:2.7.8.31 ]
K03208 putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaI
K03818 putative colanic acid biosynthesis acetyltransferase WcaF [EC:2.3.1.-]
K13683 putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaE [EC:2.4.-.-]
K13684 putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaC [EC:2.4.-.-]
K03819 putative colanic acid biosynthesis acetyltransferase WcaB [EC:2.3.1.-]
K25875 putative colanic acid biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaA
K16703 colanic acid/amylovoran/stewartan biosynthesis glycosyltransferase WcaL/AmsK/CpsK [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16710 colanic acid/amylovoran biosynthesis protein WcaK/AmsJ
K02851 UDP-GlcNAc:undecaprenyl-phosphate/decaprenyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase [EC:2.7.8.33 2.7.8.35 ]
K02852 UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronate:lipid I N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.180 ]
K12582 dTDP-N-acetylfucosamine:lipid II N-acetylfucosaminyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.325 ]
K19294 alginate O-acetyltransferase complex protein AlgI
K19295 alginate O-acetyltransferase complex protein AlgJ
K19296 alginate O-acetyltransferase complex protein AlgF
K19293 alginate biosynthesis protein AlgX
K20997 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslA
K25205 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslC
K20999 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslF
K21001 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslH
K21002 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslI
K11936 poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K21461 poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthesis protein
K11937 biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaD
K20921 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsD
K20922 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsI
K25886 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein VpsK
K25887 undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase [EC:2.7.8.31 ]
K25888 beta-1,4-glucosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K25890 beta-1,6-glucosyltransferase
K13663 acyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.-]
K13656 undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase [EC:2.7.8.31 ]
K13660 beta-1,4-glucosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K13664 acyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.-]
K16566 exopolysaccharide production protein ExoY
K16557 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoA [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16558 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoL [EC:2.-.-.-]
K16556 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoM [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16568 exopolysaccharide production protein ExoZ
K16555 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoO [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16564 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoU [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16562 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoW [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16560 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoH
K16563 succinoglycan biosynthesis protein ExoV
K25902 acidic exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein PssA
K25903 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glucuronosyltransferase PssD
K25904 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glucuronosyltransferase PssE
K25905 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssC
K25906 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glucosyltransferase PssS [EC:2.4.1.-]
K25907 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssF
K25908 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssI
K25909 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssG
K25910 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis glycosyltransferase PssH
K25911 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis galactosyltransferase PssJ
K25912 exopolysaccharide acyltransferase PssR
K21154 exopolysaccharide glucosyl ketal-pyruvate-transferase [EC:2.5.1.98 ]
K25913 exopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein PssK
K16701 amylovoran biosynthesis glycosyltransferase AmsD [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16707 UDP-galactose-lipid carrier transferase
K16702 amylovoran biosynthesis glycosyltransferase AmsE [EC:2.4.-.-]
K16700 amylovoran/stewartan biosynthesis glycosyltransferase AmsB/CpsE [EC:2.4.-.-]
K25957 stewartan biosynthesis glycosyltransferase CpsG
K25958 stewartan biosynthesis galactosyltransferase CpsF
Reference
Authors
Stevenson G, Andrianopoulos K, Hobbs M, Reeves PR
Title
Organization of the Escherichia coli K-12 gene cluster responsible for production of the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Whitfield C
Title
Biosynthesis and assembly of capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang C, Zhang H, Wang J, Chen S, Wang Z, Zhao L, Wang X
Title
Colanic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is dependent on lipopolysaccharide structure and glucose availability.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Meredith TC, Mamat U, Kaczynski Z, Lindner B, Holst O, Woodard RW
Title
Modification of lipopolysaccharide with colanic acid (M-antigen) repeats in Escherichia coli.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Patel KB, Toh E, Fernandez XB, Hanuszkiewicz A, Hardy GG, Brun YV, Bernards MA, Valvano MA
Title
Functional characterization of UDP-glucose:undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose-1-phosphate transferases of Escherichia coli and Caulobacter crescentus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rahman A, Barr K, Rick PD
Title
Identification of the structural gene for the TDP-Fuc4NAc:lipid II Fuc4NAc transferase involved in synthesis of enterobacterial common antigen in Escherichia coli K-12.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Meier-Dieter U, Barr K, Starman R, Hatch L, Rick PD
Title
Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli rfe gene involved in the synthesis of enterobacterial common antigen. Molecular cloning of the rfe-rff gene cluster.
Journal
J Biol Chem 267:746-53 (1992)
Reference
Authors
Maciejewska A, Kaszowska M, Jachymek W, Lugowski C, Lukasiewicz J
Title
Lipopolysaccharide-Linked Enterobacterial Common Antigen (ECALPS) Occurs in Rough Strains of Escherichia coli R1, R2, and R4.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rai AK, Mitchell AM
Title
Enterobacterial Common Antigen: Synthesis and Function of an Enigmatic Molecule.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Urtuvia V, Maturana N, Acevedo F, Pena C, Diaz-Barrera A
Title
Bacterial alginate production: an overview of its biosynthesis and potential industrial production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Oglesby LL, Jain S, Ohman DE
Title
Membrane topology and roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alg8 and Alg44 in alginate polymerization.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Franklin MJ, Ohman DE
Title
Mutant analysis and cellular localization of the AlgI, AlgJ, and AlgF proteins required for O acetylation of alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Riley LM, Weadge JT, Baker P, Robinson H, Codee JD, Tipton PA, Ohman DE, Howell PL
Title
Structural and functional characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgX: role of AlgX in alginate acetylation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jackson KD, Starkey M, Kremer S, Parsek MR, Wozniak DJ
Title
Identification of psl, a locus encoding a potential exopolysaccharide that is essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm formation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Byrd MS, Sadovskaya I, Vinogradov E, Lu H, Sprinkle AB, Richardson SH, Ma L, Ralston B, Parsek MR, Anderson EM, Lam JS, Wozniak DJ
Title
Genetic and biochemical analyses of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Psl exopolysaccharide reveal overlapping roles for polysaccharide synthesis enzymes in Psl and LPS production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Franklin MJ, Nivens DE, Weadge JT, Howell PL
Title
Biosynthesis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Extracellular Polysaccharides, Alginate, Pel, and Psl.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gerke C, Kraft A, Sussmuth R, Schweitzer O, Gotz F
Title
Characterization of the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity involved in the biosynthesis of the Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang X, Preston JF 3rd, Romeo T
Title
The pgaABCD locus of Escherichia coli promotes the synthesis of a polysaccharide adhesin required for biofilm formation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Itoh Y, Rice JD, Goller C, Pannuri A, Taylor J, Meisner J, Beveridge TJ, Preston JF 3rd, Romeo T
Title
Roles of pgaABCD genes in synthesis, modification, and export of the Escherichia coli biofilm adhesin poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yildiz F, Fong J, Sadovskaya I, Grard T, Vinogradov E
Title
Structural characterization of the extracellular polysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O1 El-Tor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fong JC, Syed KA, Klose KE, Yildiz FH
Title
Role of Vibrio polysaccharide (vps) genes in VPS production, biofilm formation and Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Griffin AM, Morris VJ, Gasson MJ
Title
Genetic analysis of the acetan biosynthetic pathway in Acetobacter xylinum: nucleotide sequence analysis of the aceB, aceC, aceD and aceE genes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Trcek J, Dogsa I, Accetto T, Stopar D
Title
Acetan and Acetan-Like Polysaccharides: Genetics, Biosynthesis, Structure, and Viscoelasticity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ojinnaka C, Jay AJ, Colquhoun IJ, Brownsey GJ, Morris ER, Morris VJ
Title
Structure and conformation of acetan polysaccharide.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Colquhoun IJ, Defernez M, Morris VJ
Title
NMR studies of acetan and the related bacterial polysaccharide, CR1/4, produced by a mutant strain of Acetobacter xylinum.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Becker A, Katzen F, Puhler A, Ielpi L.
Title
Xanthan gum biosynthesis and application: a biochemical/genetic perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Stankowski JD, Mueller BE, Zeller SG
Title
Location of a second O-acetyl group in xanthan gum by the reductive-cleavage method.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wu D, Li A, Ma F, Yang J, Xie Y
Title
Genetic control and regulatory mechanisms of succinoglycan and curdlan biosynthesis in genus Agrobacterium.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Glucksmann MA, Reuber TL, Walker GC
Title
Family of glycosyl transferases needed for the synthesis of succinoglycan by Rhizobium meliloti.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Becker A
Title
Challenges and perspectives in combinatorial assembly of novel exopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Reuber TL, Walker GC
Title
Biosynthesis of succinoglycan, a symbiotically important exopolysaccharide of Rhizobium meliloti.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Skorupska A, Janczarek M, Marczak M, Mazur A, Krol J
Title
Rhizobial exopolysaccharides: genetic control and symbiotic functions.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Acosta-Jurado S, Fuentes-Romero F, Ruiz-Sainz JE, Janczarek M, Vinardell JM
Title
Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides: Genetic Regulation of Their Synthesis and Relevance in Symbiosis with Legumes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marczak M, Wojcik M, Zebracki K, Turska-Szewczuk A, Talarek K, Nowak D, Wawiorka L, Sienczyk M, Lupicka-Slowik A, Bobrek K, Romanczuk M, Koper P, Mazur A
Title
PssJ Is a Terminal Galactosyltransferase Involved in the Assembly of the Exopolysaccharide Subunit in Rhizobium Leguminosarum bv. Trifolii.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nimtz M, Mort A, Domke T, Wray V, Zhang Y, Qiu F, Coplin D, Geider K
Title
Structure of amylovoran, the capsular exopolysaccharide from the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nimtz M, Mort A, Wray V, Domke T, Zhang Y, Coplin DL, Geider K.
Title
Structure of stewartan, the capsular exopolysaccharide from the corn pathogen Erwinia stewartii.
Journal
Related pathway
ko02025 Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ko02026 Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
ko05111 Biofilm formation - Vibrio cholerae
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