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Entry Name Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
Description Bacteria inhabiting a biofilm are protected from physical stress, antimicrobials, and the host immune system, and thereby cause severe medical, environmental, and technical problems. Biofilm formation in Escherichia coli is regulated by two inversely controlled transcriptional feedforward cascades, the FlhDC/FliA cascade and the sigmaS/MlrA/CsgD cascade, which are active in post-exponentially growing and in stationary phase cells, respectively. Their final outputs, flagella production or the synthesis of the biofilm matrix components curli and cellulose, are mutually exclusive due to complementary sigma factor requirements, the abundant DNA-binding regulator FliZ, and opposite regulation by c-di-GMP. The RNA-binding protein CsrA, a central component of the global regulatory system, inhibits synthesis of the poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PGA) exopolysaccharide and glycogen and stimulates the expression of the flagellar master regulator FlhDC. CsrA activity is counteracted by two sRNAs, CsrB and CsrC. The lower figure shows that FlhDC, sigmaS, and CsgD, the transcription factors that control large regulons involved in flagellar and biofilm formation, serve as regulatory hubs for multiple environmental signal integration with a series of sRNAs providing distinct inputs.
Class Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotesBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map ko02026 Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
Orthology K01991 wza, gfcE; polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein
K02398 flgM; negative regulator of flagellin synthesis FlgM
K02402 flhC; flagellar transcriptional activator FlhC
K02403 flhD; flagellar transcriptional activator FlhD
K02405 fliA, whiG; RNA polymerase sigma factor FliA
K02425 fliZ; regulator of sigma S factor FliZ
K02777 crr; sugar PTS system EIIA component [EC:2.7.1.-]
K03087 rpoS; RNA polymerase nonessential primary-like sigma factor
K03563 csrA; carbon storage regulator
K03566 gcvA; LysR family transcriptional regulator, glycine cleavage system transcriptional activator
K03567 gcvR; glycine cleavage system transcriptional repressor
K04333 csgD; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, csgAB operon transcriptional regulatory protein
K04334 csgA; major curlin subunit
K04335 csgB; minor curlin subunit
K04336 csgC; curli production protein
K04761 oxyR; LysR family transcriptional regulator, hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes activator
K06204 dksA; RNA polymerase-binding transcription factor
K07638 envZ; two-component system, OmpR family, osmolarity sensor histidine kinase EnvZ [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07648 arcB; two-component system, OmpR family, aerobic respiration control sensor histidine kinase ArcB [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07659 ompR; two-component system, OmpR family, phosphate regulon response regulator OmpR
K07676 rcsD; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase RcsD [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07677 rcsC; two-component system, NarL family, capsular synthesis sensor histidine kinase RcsC [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07678 barA, gacS, varS; two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase BarA [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07687 rcsB; two-component system, NarL family, captular synthesis response regulator RcsB
K07689 uvrY, gacA, varA; two-component system, NarL family, invasion response regulator UvrY
K07773 arcA; two-component system, OmpR family, aerobic respiration control protein ArcA
K07781 rcsA; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, capsular biosynthesis positive transcription factor
K07782 sdiA; LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator SdiA
K10914 crp; CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein
K11531 lsrR; lsr operon transcriptional repressor
K11931 pgaB; poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase [EC:3.5.1.-]
K11935 pgaA; biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaA
K11936 pgaC, icaA; poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K11937 pgaD; biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaD
K18502 dsrA; small regulatory RNA DsrA
K18504 arcZ; small regulatory RNA ArcZ
K18509 rydC; small regulatory RNA RydC
K18515 csrB; small regulatory RNA CsrB
K18516 csrC; small regulatory RNA CsrC
K18518 rprA; small regulatory RNA RprA
K18521 gcvB; small regulatory RNA GcvB
K18522 omrA, rygA; small regulatory RNA OmrA
K18523 omrB, rygB; small regulatory RNA OmrB
K18528 oxyS; small regulatory RNA OxyS
K21087 ycgR; flagellar brake protein
K21089 mlrA; MerR family transcriptional regulator, activator of the csg genes
K21091 mcaS; small regulatory RNA McaS
Compound C01228 Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)
C04494 Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate
Reference Authors Mika F, Hengge R
Title Small RNAs in the control of RpoS, CsgD, and biofilm architecture of Escherichia coli.
Journal Reference Authors Mika F, Hengge R
Title Small Regulatory RNAs in the Control of Motility and Biofilm Formation in E. coli and Salmonella.
Journal Reference Authors Hengge R
Title Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
Journal Reference Authors Chambers JR, Sauer K
Title Small RNAs and their role in biofilm formation.
Journal Reference Authors Martinez LC, Vadyvaloo V
Title Mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms.
Journal Reference Authors Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO
Title Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis.
Journal Reference Authors Seyll E, Van Melderen L
Title The ribonucleoprotein Csr network.
Journal Reference Authors Pesavento C, Becker G, Sommerfeldt N, Possling A, Tschowri N, Mehlis A, Hengge R
Title Inverse regulatory coordination of motility and curli-mediated adhesion in Escherichia coli.
Journal Reference Authors Huang YH, Ferrieres L, Clarke DJ
Title The role of the Rcs phosphorelay in Enterobacteriaceae.
Journal Reference Authors Li J, Attila C, Wang L, Wood TK, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE
Title Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli is signaled by AI-2/LsrR: effects on small RNA and biofilm architecture.
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