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Entry Name Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
Description Bacteria inhabiting a biofilm are protected from physical stress, antimicrobials, and the host immune system, and thereby cause severe medical, environmental, and technical problems. Biofilm formation in Escherichia coli is regulated by two inversely controlled transcriptional feedforward cascades, the FlhDC/FliA cascade and the sigmaS/MlrA/CsgD cascade, which are active in post-exponentially growing and in stationary phase cells, respectively. Their final outputs, flagella production or the synthesis of the biofilm matrix components curli and cellulose, are mutually exclusive due to complementary sigma factor requirements, the abundant DNA-binding regulator FliZ, and opposite regulation by c-di-GMP. The RNA-binding protein CsrA, a central component of the global regulatory system, inhibits synthesis of the poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PGA) exopolysaccharide and glycogen and stimulates the expression of the flagellar master regulator FlhDC. CsrA activity is counteracted by two sRNAs, CsrB and CsrC. The lower figure shows that FlhDC, sigmaS, and CsgD, the transcription factors that control large regulons involved in flagellar and biofilm formation, serve as regulatory hubs for multiple environmental signal integration with a series of sRNAs providing distinct inputs.
Class Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotesBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map ko02026 Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
Ortholog table Orthology K02777 sugar PTS system EIIA component [EC:2.7.1.-]
K10914 CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein
K02403 flagellar transcriptional activator FlhD
K02402 flagellar transcriptional activator FlhC
K02398 negative regulator of flagellin synthesis FlgM
K02405 RNA polymerase sigma factor FliA
K02425 regulator of sigma S factor FliZ
K06204 RNA polymerase-binding transcription factor
K03087 RNA polymerase nonessential primary-like sigma factor
K21087 flagellar brake protein
K21089 MerR family transcriptional regulator, activator of the csg genes
K04333 LuxR family transcriptional regulator, csgAB operon transcriptional regulatory protein
K04336 curli production protein
K11531 lsr operon transcriptional repressor
K01991 polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein
K07782 LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator SdiA
K07678 two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase BarA [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07689 two-component system, NarL family, invasion response regulator UvrY
K18515 small regulatory RNA CsrB
K18516 small regulatory RNA CsrC
K03563 carbon storage regulator
K11935 biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaA
K11931 poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine N-deacetylase [EC:3.5.1.-]
K11936 poly-beta-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K11937 biofilm PGA synthesis protein PgaD
K04761 LysR family transcriptional regulator, hydrogen peroxide-inducible genes activator
K18528 small regulatory RNA OxyS
K07648 two-component system, OmpR family, aerobic respiration control sensor histidine kinase ArcB [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07773 two-component system, OmpR family, aerobic respiration control protein ArcA
K18504 small regulatory RNA ArcZ
K18502 small regulatory RNA DsrA
K07677 two-component system, NarL family, capsular synthesis sensor histidine kinase RcsC [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07676 two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase RcsD [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07687 two-component system, NarL family, captular synthesis response regulator RcsB
K07781 LuxR family transcriptional regulator, capsular biosynthesis positive transcription factor
K18518 small regulatory RNA RprA
K03566 LysR family transcriptional regulator, glycine cleavage system transcriptional activator
K03567 glycine cleavage system transcriptional repressor
K18521 small regulatory RNA GcvB
K07638 two-component system, OmpR family, osmolarity sensor histidine kinase EnvZ [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K07659 two-component system, OmpR family, phosphate regulon response regulator OmpR
K18522 small regulatory RNA OmrA
K18523 small regulatory RNA OmrB
K21091 small regulatory RNA McaS
K18509 small regulatory RNA RydC
Compound C01228 Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)
C04494 Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate
Reference Authors Mika F, Hengge R
Title Small RNAs in the control of RpoS, CsgD, and biofilm architecture of Escherichia coli.
Journal Reference Authors Mika F, Hengge R
Title Small Regulatory RNAs in the Control of Motility and Biofilm Formation in E. coli and Salmonella.
Journal Reference Authors Hengge R
Title Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
Journal Reference Authors Chambers JR, Sauer K
Title Small RNAs and their role in biofilm formation.
Journal Reference Authors Martinez LC, Vadyvaloo V
Title Mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms.
Journal Reference Authors Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO
Title Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis.
Journal Reference Authors Seyll E, Van Melderen L
Title The ribonucleoprotein Csr network.
Journal Reference Authors Pesavento C, Becker G, Sommerfeldt N, Possling A, Tschowri N, Mehlis A, Hengge R
Title Inverse regulatory coordination of motility and curli-mediated adhesion in Escherichia coli.
Journal Reference Authors Huang YH, Ferrieres L, Clarke DJ
Title The role of the Rcs phosphorelay in Enterobacteriaceae.
Journal Reference Authors Li J, Attila C, Wang L, Wood TK, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE
Title Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli is signaled by AI-2/LsrR: effects on small RNA and biofilm architecture.
Journal Related LinkDB All DBs
