KEGG   PATHWAY: pgig05012
Entry
pgig05012                   Pathway                                
Name
Parkinson disease - Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox)
Description
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Both environmental factors and mutations in familial PD-linked genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1 and LRRK2 are associated with PD pathogenesis. These pathogenic mutations and environmental factors are known to cause disease due to oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis impairment, mitochondrial dysfunctions and altered protein handling compromising key roles of DA neuronal function and survival. The demise of DA neurons located in the SNc leads to a drop in the dopaminergic input to the striatum, which is hypothesized to impede movement by inducing hypo and hyper activity in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the direct (dSPNs) and indirect (iSPNs) pathways in the basal ganglia, respectively.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
Pathway map
pgig05012  Parkinson disease
pgig05012

Organism
Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox) [GN:pgig]
Gene
120590086  ADORA2A; adenosine receptor A2a [KO:K04266]
120588796  GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633]
120603881  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55-like [KO:K04632]
120603882  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
120621559  D(2) dopamine receptor-like [KO:K04145]
120622002  D(2) dopamine receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04145]
120591507  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
120582379  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
120584991  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-3 [KO:K04630]
120586714  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
120583269  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120618485  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
120613499  DRD1; D(1A) dopamine receptor [KO:K04144]
120614208  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120592778  ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120592779  ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120583106  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120594113  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120605512  UBA1; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120616856  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120599512  ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120582367  UBA7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 isoform X1 [KO:K10698] [EC:6.2.1.45]
120606568  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
120618896  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like [KO:K02927]
120598618  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-like [KO:K02927]
120589685  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40-like isoform X1 [KO:K02927]
120588970  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a-like [KO:K02977]
120621637  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
120589811  UBB; polyubiquitin-B [KO:K04551]
120615996  UBC; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
120606843  UBE2L3; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 isoform X1 [KO:K04552] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120614089  UBE2J2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 isoform X1 [KO:K04554] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120594953  UBE2J1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 [KO:K10578] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120616340  UBE2G2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 isoform X1 [KO:K04555] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120621094  UBE2G1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 [KO:K10575] [EC:2.3.2.23]
120617538  PRKN; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin isoform X1 [KO:K04556] [EC:2.3.2.31]
120588322  SNCA; alpha-synuclein [KO:K04528]
120601064  GPR37; prosaposin receptor GPR37 [KO:K04243]
120610513  SEPTIN5; septin-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04557]
120590877  synphilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04558]
120620763  PSMA6; proteasome subunit alpha type-6 [KO:K02730] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120591738  PSMA2; proteasome subunit alpha type-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02726] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120599350  PSMA4; proteasome subunit alpha type-4 [KO:K02728] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120603909  PSMA7; proteasome subunit alpha type-7 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120587318  PSMA8; proteasome subunit alpha-type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120584985  PSMA5; proteasome subunit alpha type-5 [KO:K02729] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120603239  PSMA1; proteasome subunit alpha type-1 [KO:K02725] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120603477  PSMA3; proteasome subunit alpha type-3 [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120607873  PSMB6; proteasome subunit beta type-6 [KO:K02738] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120601686  PSMB7; proteasome subunit beta type-7 [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120608950  sperm motility kinase-like [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120611217  PSMB3; proteasome subunit beta type-3 [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120581927  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proteasome subunit beta type-2-like [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120593235  PSMB2; proteasome subunit beta type-2 [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120593764  PSMB5; proteasome subunit beta type-5 [KO:K02737] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120618217  PSMB1; proteasome subunit beta type-1 [KO:K02732] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120585246  PSMB4; proteasome subunit beta type-4 [KO:K02736] [EC:3.4.25.1]
120591506  PSMC2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03061]
120619604  PSMC1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03062]
120595865  PSMC4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B isoform X1 [KO:K03063]
120608146  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B-like [KO:K03063]
120604417  PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B [KO:K03064]
120607312  PSMC3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A [KO:K03065]
120600289  PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03066]
120592898  PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028]
120597146  PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03032]
120611182  PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033]
120616070  PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693]
120600023  PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035]
120620915  PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036]
120593970  PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038]
120614162  PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039]
120585233  PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 isoform X1 [KO:K03029]
120597178  PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 [KO:K03030]
120596357  PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03031]
120603906  ADRM1; proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 isoform X1 [KO:K06691]
120614997  SEM1; 26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1 [KO:K10881]
120588005  UCHL1; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 isoform X1 [KO:K05611] [EC:3.4.19.12]
120604475  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120617886  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
120619605  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
120608993  calmodulin-alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120621675  CALM2; calmodulin-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
120581548  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120609540  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120589350  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120589558  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
120589267  MAPT; microtubule-associated protein tau isoform X1 [KO:K04380]
120587230  RYR3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ryanodine receptor 3 [KO:K04963]
120582429  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
120618337  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
120597599  ITPR3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
120603668  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
120601748  HSPA5; endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP [KO:K09490] [EC:3.6.4.10]
120584186  ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha isoform X1 [KO:K09054]
120604962  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein isoform X1 [KO:K04452]
120600114  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 isoform X1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
120601994  XBP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: X-box-binding protein 1 [KO:K09027]
120594611  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120612759  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
120602997  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
120584600  TH; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase [KO:K00501] [EC:1.14.16.2]
120593657  MAOA; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A isoform X1 [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
120593685  MAOB; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B isoform X1 [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
120586141  SLC6A3; sodium-dependent dopamine transporter [KO:K05036]
120606608  SLC18A1; chromaffin granule amine transporter [KO:K08155]
120609047  SLC18A2; synaptic vesicular amine transporter isoform X1 [KO:K08155]
120602147  SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K21398]
120592161  SLC39A1; zinc transporter ZIP1 [KO:K14709]
120583742  SLC39A3; zinc transporter ZIP3 [KO:K14709]
120608074  SLC39A2; zinc transporter ZIP2 isoform X1 [KO:K14709]
120608543  zinc transporter ZIP2-like isoform X1 [KO:K14709]
120588830  SLC39A4; zinc transporter ZIP4 [KO:K14710]
120604908  SLC39A5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: zinc transporter ZIP5 [KO:K14711]
120586605  SLC39A6; zinc transporter ZIP6 [KO:K14712]
120597647  SLC39A7; zinc transporter SLC39A7 isoform X1 [KO:K14713]
120591104  SLC39A8; metal cation symporter ZIP8 [KO:K14714]
120612791  SLC39A9; zinc transporter ZIP9 [KO:K14715]
120587486  SLC39A10; zinc transporter ZIP10 [KO:K14716]
120600304  SLC39A11; zinc transporter ZIP11 isoform X1 [KO:K14717]
120614652  SLC39A12; zinc transporter ZIP12 [KO:K14718]
120607271  SLC39A13; zinc transporter ZIP13 isoform X1 [KO:K14719]
120606629  SLC39A14; metal cation symporter ZIP14 isoform X1 [KO:K14720]
120584746  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120588577  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120598742  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944]
120613848  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03944]
120581414  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
120616482  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
120602254  NDUFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
120604950  NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
120601258  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949]
120602938  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950]
120602939  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6-like [KO:K03950]
120598765  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
120605755  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952]
120607301  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03953]
120592183  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial [KO:K03954]
120584540  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial [KO:K03955]
120615433  NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956]
120611623  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352]
120606599  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
120619622  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
120601134  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958]
120587522  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03959]
120586679  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960]
120597142  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961]
120612925  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962]
120618472  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963]
120609201  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964]
120595681  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 isoform X1 [KO:K03965]
120620248  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
120605511  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351]
120587568  NDUFS1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120584202  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120607415  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120608171  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03937]
120593298  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
120586301  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939]
120583687  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120584743  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
120613219  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967]
120590396  NDUFC2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 [KO:K03968]
120586318  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
120585752  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
120584198  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00236]
120621994  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237]
120617223  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
120588814  cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial [KO:K00413]
120582316  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00414]
120584555  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K00415]
120620319  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416]
120605463  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 [KO:K00417]
120616506  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
120610685  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8-like [KO:K00418]
120601887  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 [KO:K00419]
120603514  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
120622928  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
120597795  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial [KO:K02264]
120610239  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial [KO:K02265]
120606788  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
120620534  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
120592433  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
120598319  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
120595634  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C isoform X1 [KO:K02268]
120592495  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270]
120594945  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
120609699  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02270]
120621725  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02270]
120591688  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
120588028  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
120588365  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02271]
120586049  ATP5F1A; ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial [KO:K02132]
120604925  ATP5F1B; ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial [KO:K02133] [EC:7.1.2.2]
120609017  ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial [KO:K02136]
120583693  ATP5F1D; ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02134]
120585021  ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127]
120602187  ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
120596836  ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
120611266  ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
120600221  ATP5PD; ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial [KO:K02138]
120598636  ATP5PO; ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial [KO:K02137]
120598886  ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131]
120596250  PINK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial [KO:K05688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120609520  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial [KO:K20858]
120618274  LRRK2; leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08844] [EC:2.7.11.1]
120594570  HTRA2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
120620324  TRAP1; heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K09488]
120581285  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
120609565  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
120595502  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041]
120591624  ADP/ATP translocase 3-like [KO:K05863]
120616243  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 [KO:K05863]
120618453  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
120586046  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
120589516  ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
120609581  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
120602359  cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
120597089  cytochrome c, testis-specific-like [KO:K08738]
120611595  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
120585783  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
120618435  CASP3; caspase-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
120585857  PARK7; Parkinson disease protein 7 [KO:K05687] [EC:3.5.1.124]
120603516  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
120606950  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
120597057  MFN1; mitofusin-1 [KO:K21356] [EC:3.6.5.-]
120585808  MFN2; mitofusin-2 [KO:K06030] [EC:3.6.5.-]
120604954  kinesin heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K10396]
120584120  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K10396]
120597184  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain [KO:K10396]
120613941  KLC1; kinesin light chain 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
120605294  KLC3; kinesin light chain 3 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
120584814  KLC2; kinesin light chain 2 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
120596144  KLC4; kinesin light chain 4 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
120606832  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tubulin alpha-3 chain-like [KO:K07374]
120618200  tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
120618201  TUBA1C; tubulin alpha-1C chain [KO:K07374]
120618203  tubulin alpha-1A chain-like [KO:K07374]
120607368  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain [KO:K07374]
120587682  tubulin alpha-1B chain-like [KO:K07374]
120587683  tubulin alpha-4A chain [KO:K07374]
120593379  TUBB; tubulin beta chain [KO:K07375]
120603889  TUBB1; tubulin beta-1 chain [KO:K07375]
120615448  TUBB4A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tubulin beta-4A chain [KO:K07375]
120607707  tubulin beta-2A chain [KO:K07375]
120607710  tubulin beta-2A chain-like [KO:K07375]
120599744  TUBB4B; tubulin beta-4B chain isoform X1 [KO:K07375]
120588919  TUBB6; tubulin beta-6 chain [KO:K07375]
120589166  tubulin beta-3 chain [KO:K07375]
120589680  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform X1 [KO:K04451]
120615021  DUSP1; dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 [KO:K21278] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48]
120597087  NFE2L2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [KO:K05638]
120614867  TXN2; thioredoxin, mitochondrial [KO:K03671]
120608743  TXN; thioredoxin isoform X1 [KO:K03671]
120597636  DAXX; death domain-associated protein 6 [KO:K02308]
120615779  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
120616614  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120609636  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120588349  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
120598754  superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]-like [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
120598834  SOD1; superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
120588135  superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]-like [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
120622911  superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]-like [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
120610863  KEAP1; kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10456]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00007  Oxygen
C00008  ADP
C00009  Orthophosphate
C00013  Diphosphate
C00020  AMP
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00034  Manganese
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00212  Adenosine
C00355  3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C03758  Dopamine
C04043  3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
C04599  1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
C07593  Rotenone
C11310  1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
C14701  Paraquat
C15231  Maneb
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C17755  Dopamine quinone
C22381  Reactive oxygen species
Reference
PMID:16495942
  Authors
Abou-Sleiman PM, Muqit MM, Wood NW
  Title
Expanding insights of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 7:207-19 (2006)
DOI:10.1038/nrn1868
Reference
PMID:12938733
  Authors
Lim KL, Lim TM
  Title
Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: clues from Mendelian syndromes.
  Journal
IUBMB Life 55:315-22 (2003)
DOI:10.1080/1521654031000153030
Reference
PMID:26501339
  Authors
Bobela W, Aebischer P, Schneider BL
  Title
Alphalpha-Synuclein as a Mediator in the Interplay between Aging and Parkinson's Disease.
  Journal
Biomolecules 5:2675-700 (2015)
DOI:10.3390/biom5042675
Reference
PMID:15767499
  Authors
Eriksen JL, Wszolek Z, Petrucelli L
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Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
  Journal
Arch Neurol 62:353-7 (2005)
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Reference
PMID:16972273
  Authors
Olanow CW, McNaught KS
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Ubiquitin-proteasome system and Parkinson's disease.
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Mov Disord 21:1806-23 (2006)
DOI:10.1002/mds.21013
Reference
PMID:18047737
  Authors
Lim KL, Tan JM
  Title
Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in Parkinson's disease.
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BMC Biochem 8 Suppl 1:S13 (2007)
DOI:10.1186/1471-2091-8-S1-S13
Reference
PMID:29090092
  Authors
Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL
  Title
Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments.
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Transl Neurodegener 6:28 (2017)
DOI:10.1186/s40035-017-0099-z
Reference
PMID:12814656
  Authors
Dev KK, van der Putten H, Sommer B, Rovelli G
  Title
Part I: parkin-associated proteins and Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neuropharmacology 45:1-13 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/s0028-3908(02)00337-4
Reference
PMID:20495568
  Authors
Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Goetz CG, Marin C, Kordower JH, Rodriguez M, Hirsch EC, Farrer M, Schapira AH, Halliday G
  Title
Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle.
  Journal
Nat Med 16:653-61 (2010)
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Reference
PMID:24781149
  Authors
Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M
  Title
Calcium signaling in Parkinson's disease.
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Cell Tissue Res 357:439-54 (2014)
DOI:10.1007/s00441-014-1866-0
Reference
PMID:19230774
  Authors
Bezprozvanny I
  Title
Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
  Journal
Trends Mol Med 15:89-100 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2009.01.001
Reference
PMID:28468938
  Authors
Zaichick SV, McGrath KM, Caraveo G
  Title
The role of Ca(2+) signaling in Parkinson's disease.
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Dis Model Mech 10:519-535 (2017)
DOI:10.1242/dmm.028738
Reference
PMID:28838811
  Authors
Ludtmann MHR, Abramov AY
  Title
Mitochondrial calcium imbalance in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Neurosci Lett 663:86-90 (2018)
DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.044
Reference
PMID:19663908
  Authors
Sandebring A, Dehvari N, Perez-Manso M, Thomas KJ, Karpilovski E, Cookson MR, Cowburn RF, Cedazo-Minguez A
  Title
Parkin deficiency disrupts calcium homeostasis by modulating phospholipase C signalling.
  Journal
FEBS J 276:5041-52 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07201.x
Reference
PMID:23352769
  Authors
Mercado G, Valdes P, Hetz C
  Title
An ERcentric view of Parkinson's disease.
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Trends Mol Med 19:165-75 (2013)
DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.005
Reference
PMID:27103567
  Authors
Mercado G, Castillo V, Soto P, Sidhu A
  Title
ER stress and Parkinson's disease: Pathological inputs that converge into the secretory pathway.
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Brain Res 1648:626-632 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.042
Reference
PMID:26297973
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Tsujii S, Ishisaka M, Hara H
  Title
Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
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Eur J Pharmacol 765:154-6 (2015)
DOI:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.033
Reference
PMID:31100053
  Authors
Shah A, Chao J, Legido-Quigley C, Chang RC
  Title
Oxyresveratrol exerts ATF4- and Grp78-mediated neuroprotection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Nutr Neurosci 1-16 (2019)
DOI:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1613764
Reference
PMID:24548101
  Authors
Segura-Aguilar J, Paris I, Munoz P, Ferrari E, Zecca L, Zucca FA
  Title
Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
J Neurochem 129:898-915 (2014)
DOI:10.1111/jnc.12686
Reference
PMID:31587020
  Authors
Jesko H, Lenkiewicz AM, Wilkaniec A, Adamczyk A
  Title
The interplay between parkin and alpha-synuclein; possible implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 79:276-289 (2019)
Reference
PMID:15189334
  Authors
Perez RG, Hastings TG
  Title
Could a loss of alpha-synuclein function put dopaminergic neurons at risk?
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J Neurochem 89:1318-24 (2004)
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Reference
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  Authors
Segura-Aguilar J
  Title
A new mechanism for protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes.
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Neural Regen Res 10:1225-7 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:27546335
  Authors
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  Title
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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J Neurochem 139 Suppl 1:216-231 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:27581196
  Authors
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  Title
Emerging (and converging) pathways in Parkinson's disease: keeping mitochondrial wellness.
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun 483:1020-1030 (2017)
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Reference
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  Title
Melatoninergic System in Parkinson's Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms.
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Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:3472032 (2016)
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Reference
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Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M
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Mitochondria, calcium, and endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
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Oxidative stress-induced signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Neuromolecular Med 16:217-30 (2014)
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Reference
PMID:25761946
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The Parkinson Disease Mitochondrial Hypothesis: Where Are We at?
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Neuroscientist 22:266-77 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:22926193
  Authors
de Vries RL, Przedborski S
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Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: be eaten to stay healthy.
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Mol Cell Neurosci 55:37-43 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:20736035
  Authors
Deas E, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H
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Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: the PINK1-parkin link.
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Biochim Biophys Acta 1813:623-33 (2011)
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Reference
PMID:25611507
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Pickrell AM, Youle RJ
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The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson's disease.
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Neuron 85:257-73 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:27911343
  Authors
Truban D, Hou X, Caulfield TR, Fiesel FC, Springer W
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PINK1, Parkin, and Mitochondrial Quality Control: What can we Learn about Parkinson's Disease Pathobiology?
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J Parkinsons Dis 7:13-29 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:28823929
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Biosa A, Sandrelli F, Beltramini M, Greggio E, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M
  Title
Recent findings on the physiological function of DJ-1: Beyond Parkinson's disease.
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Neurobiol Dis 108:65-72 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:29147906
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Oh SE, Mouradian MM
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Regulation of Signal Transduction by DJ-1.
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Adv Exp Med Biol 1037:97-131 (2017)
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Reference
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Dolgacheva LP, Berezhnov AV, Fedotova EI, Zinchenko VP, Abramov AY
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Role of DJ-1 in the mechanism of pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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J Bioenerg Biomembr 51:175-188 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:30370500
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Melo TQ, Copray SJCVM, Ferrari MFR
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Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity on Protein Quality Control, Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum.
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Neurochem Res 43:2212-2223 (2018)
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Reference
PMID:30937538
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Zhai S, Shen W, Graves SM, Surmeier DJ
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Dopaminergic modulation of striatal function and Parkinson's disease.
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J Neural Transm (Vienna) 126:411-422 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:29720658
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Parker JG, Marshall JD, Ahanonu B, Wu YW, Kim TH, Grewe BF, Zhang Y, Li JZ, Ding JB, Ehlers MD, Schnitzer MJ
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Diametric neural ensemble dynamics in parkinsonian and dyskinetic states.
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Nature 557:177-182 (2018)
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Related
pathway
pgig00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
pgig00350  Tyrosine metabolism
pgig03050  Proteasome
pgig04020  Calcium signaling pathway
pgig04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
pgig04137  Mitophagy - animal
pgig04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
pgig04210  Apoptosis
pgig04728  Dopaminergic synapse
KO pathway
ko05012   
LinkDB

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