KEGG   PATHWAY: tmu05171
Entry
tmu05171                    Pathway                                
Name
Coronavirus disease - COVID-19 - Trichechus manatus latirostris (Florida manatee)
Description
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by  interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. SARS-CoV-2 also activates the innate immune system; macrophage stimulation triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, and the "cytokine storm", which results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure. The combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19.
Class
Human Diseases; Infectious disease: viral
Pathway map
tmu05171  Coronavirus disease - COVID-19
tmu05171

Organism
Trichechus manatus latirostris (Florida manatee) [GN:tmu]
Gene
101349908  transmembrane protease serine 2 [KO:K09633] [EC:3.4.21.122]
101343545  angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
101361134  neuropilin-1 [KO:K06724]
101341729  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like protein Ace3 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
101341987  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
101357365  angiotensin-converting enzyme-like isoform X1 [KO:K01283] [EC:3.4.15.1]
101343991  proto-oncogene Mas [KO:K04303]
101346145  type-1 angiotensin II receptor [KO:K04166]
101344219  cytochrome b-245 heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
101351866  nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580]
101361706  transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
101342656  TNF; tumor necrosis factor [KO:K03156]
101351590  interleukin-6 [KO:K05405]
101359415  IL1B; interleukin-1 beta [KO:K04519]
101353752  interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406]
101344352  interleukin-12 subunit beta [KO:K05425]
101341271  stromelysin-1 [KO:K01394] [EC:3.4.24.17]
101341516  interstitial collagenase [KO:K01388] [EC:3.4.24.7]
101358871  C-C motif chemokine 2 [KO:K14624]
101358515  interleukin-8 [KO:K10030]
101350544  disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 isoform X1 [KO:K06059] [EC:3.4.24.86]
101341867  tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158]
101355353  NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734]
101357924  NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta [KO:K02581]
101344556  proheparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [KO:K08523]
101356822  epidermal growth factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
101356003  interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K05055]
101353064  interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K05060]
101346613  tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1 [KO:K11217] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101357635  non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 [KO:K11219] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101342651  signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X3 [KO:K04692]
101360180  interleukin-2 [KO:K05429]
101359464  granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05423]
101357995  granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [KO:K05427]
101352998  C-X-C motif chemokine 10 [KO:K12671]
101356860  40S ribosomal protein S2 [KO:K02981]
101360596  40S ribosomal protein S3 [KO:K02985]
101342995  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
101345608  40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
101347346  40S ribosomal protein S3a [KO:K02984]
111819056  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S3a-like [KO:K02984]
101342853  40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform [KO:K02987]
101355904  40S ribosomal protein S5 [KO:K02989]
101348417  40S ribosomal protein S6 [KO:K02991]
101355509  40S ribosomal protein S7 [KO:K02993]
101356190  40S ribosomal protein S8 [KO:K02995]
101353070  40S ribosomal protein S9 [KO:K02997]
101356279  40S ribosomal protein S10 [KO:K02947]
101350577  40S ribosomal protein S11 [KO:K02949]
101350612  40S ribosomal protein S12 [KO:K02951]
101357811  40S ribosomal protein S12-like [KO:K02951]
101358194  40S ribosomal protein S13 [KO:K02953]
101358429  40S ribosomal protein S14 [KO:K02955]
101353490  40S ribosomal protein S15 [KO:K02958]
101344110  40S ribosomal protein S15a [KO:K02957]
101356092  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
111822755  40S ribosomal protein S16 [KO:K02960]
101358902  40S ribosomal protein S17 [KO:K02962]
101345117  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
101358421  40S ribosomal protein S17-like [KO:K02962]
101350865  40S ribosomal protein S18 isoform X2 [KO:K02964]
101344583  40S ribosomal protein S19 [KO:K02966]
101347987  40S ribosomal protein S20-like [KO:K02969]
101352773  40S ribosomal protein S20 [KO:K02969]
101346188  40S ribosomal protein S21 [KO:K02971]
101357547  40S ribosomal protein S23 [KO:K02973]
101340319  40S ribosomal protein S24 isoform X3 [KO:K02974]
101347202  40S ribosomal protein S25 [KO:K02975]
101344060  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein S26-like [KO:K02976]
101358408  40S ribosomal protein S26 [KO:K02976]
101353712  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
101355686  40S ribosomal protein S27-like [KO:K02978]
101343549  40S ribosomal protein S27 [KO:K02978]
101361983  ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
101348436  40S ribosomal protein S28 [KO:K02979]
101343406  40S ribosomal protein S29 [KO:K02980]
101342696  ubiquitin-like protein fubi and ribosomal protein S30 [KO:K02983]
101342676  40S ribosomal protein SA [KO:K02998]
105756215  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 40S ribosomal protein SA-like [KO:K02998]
101344370  60S ribosomal protein L3 [KO:K02925]
101356108  60S ribosomal protein L3-like [KO:K02925]
101343859  60S ribosomal protein L4 [KO:K02930]
101343703  60S ribosomal protein L5 isoform X1 [KO:K02932]
101348359  60S ribosomal protein L6 [KO:K02934]
101342679  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L7-like [KO:K02937]
101361075  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L7 [KO:K02937]
101346538  60S ribosomal protein L7a [KO:K02936]
101341949  60S ribosomal protein L8 [KO:K02938]
101356824  60S ribosomal protein L9 [KO:K02940]
101344695  60S ribosomal protein L10 [KO:K02866]
101342791  60S ribosomal protein L10-like isoform X1 [KO:K02866]
101360982  60S ribosomal protein L10a [KO:K02865]
101356805  60S ribosomal protein L11 [KO:K02868]
101345447  60S ribosomal protein L12 [KO:K02870]
101358836  60S ribosomal protein L13 [KO:K02873]
101350823  60S ribosomal protein L13a [KO:K02872]
105756052  60S ribosomal protein L13a-like [KO:K02872]
101351373  60S ribosomal protein L14 [KO:K02875]
101359198  60S ribosomal protein L15 [KO:K02877]
101346548  60S ribosomal protein L17 [KO:K02880]
101359823  60S ribosomal protein L18 [KO:K02883]
101344980  60S ribosomal protein L18a isoform X1 [KO:K02882]
101351767  60S ribosomal protein L19 [KO:K02885]
101346603  60S ribosomal protein L21 [KO:K02889]
101351624  60S ribosomal protein L22 isoform X2 [KO:K02891]
101355987  60S ribosomal protein L22-like 1 [KO:K02891]
101350060  60S ribosomal protein L23 [KO:K02894]
111821626  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L23-like [KO:K02894]
101357242  60S ribosomal protein L23a isoform X1 [KO:K02893]
101351592  60S ribosomal protein L24 [KO:K02896]
101345026  probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24 [KO:K02896]
101352433  60S ribosomal protein L26-like 1 [KO:K02898]
101345791  60S ribosomal protein L26 [KO:K02898]
101357529  60S ribosomal protein L27 [KO:K02901]
101344342  60S ribosomal protein L27a [KO:K02900]
101358509  60S ribosomal protein L28 [KO:K02903]
101350352  60S ribosomal protein L29 [KO:K02905]
101357184  60S ribosomal protein L30 [KO:K02908]
105756128  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
111821564  60S ribosomal protein L30-like [KO:K02908]
101361222  60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
111820707  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L31 [KO:K02910]
101358702  60S ribosomal protein L32 [KO:K02912]
101345898  60S ribosomal protein L34 [KO:K02915]
101361769  60S ribosomal protein L35 [KO:K02918]
101359180  60S ribosomal protein L35a [KO:K02917]
101355269  60S ribosomal protein L36 [KO:K02920]
101351718  60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
101347038  60S ribosomal protein L37 [KO:K02922]
101347255  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
101349853  60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
101341228  60S ribosomal protein L37a [KO:K02921]
111820849  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 60S ribosomal protein L37a-like [KO:K02921]
105756828  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
101352207  60S ribosomal protein L39 [KO:K02924]
111822114  polyubiquitin-C [KO:K02927]
101361963  ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
101344833  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
101361959  60S ribosomal protein L36a-like [KO:K02929]
101356632  60S ribosomal protein L36a [KO:K02929]
101359982  60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 [KO:K02941]
101348422  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1 [KO:K02942]
105756220  60S acidic ribosomal protein P1-like [KO:K02942]
101344923  60S acidic ribosomal protein P2 isoform X1 [KO:K02943]
111820845  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC111820845 [KO:K06856]
101350744  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-like isoform X1 [KO:K06472]
101351806  tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X2 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
101358678  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101346849  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101359658  phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X2 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
101351035  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649]
101343804  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
101347746  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
101359597  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X2 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101346393  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101348250  protein kinase C alpha type isoform X2 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101356454  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101351254  protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101340589  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101358526  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101352466  mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101347350  mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101361614  mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101361872  mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101342847  toll-like receptor 2 [KO:K10159]
101353470  toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
101341326  myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 isoform X1 [KO:K04729]
101348713  toll-like receptor 7 isoform X2 [KO:K05404]
101348463  toll-like receptor 8 [KO:K10170]
101349224  interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04733] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101350273  interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 [KO:K04730] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101345331  TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
101346094  mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X1 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
101355146  TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 [KO:K04404]
101351734  mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101351967  mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X2 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101343546  mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X4 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
101357016  proto-oncogene c-Fos [KO:K04379]
101361653  transcription factor AP-1 [KO:K04448]
101341290  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04467] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101351256  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07209] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101347574  NF-kappa-B essential modulator isoform X1 [KO:K07210]
101343031  NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12800]
101359297  caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
101357653  toll-like receptor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05401]
101340796  probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX58 [KO:K12646] [EC:5.6.2.6]
101343892  ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 [KO:K12159]
101341398  interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12647] [EC:5.6.2.6]
101358775  mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein [KO:K12648]
101347503  TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K03174]
101344779  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon [KO:K07211] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101345902  serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 isoform X3 [KO:K05410] [EC:2.7.11.10]
101348880  interferon regulatory factor 3 [KO:K05411]
101344880  cyclic GMP-AMP synthase [KO:K17834] [EC:2.7.7.86]
101342770  stimulator of interferon genes protein [KO:K12654]
101341058  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101341314  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101341564  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101343075  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101342581  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101342828  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101350125  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101344616  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101343586  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101345099  interferon alpha-5-like [KO:K05414]
101349610  interferon beta [KO:K05415]
101361715  interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05130]
101354122  interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 [KO:K05131]
101357916  signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [KO:K11220]
101348948  signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 [KO:K11221]
101354811  interferon regulatory factor 9 [KO:K04693]
101360020  double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1 [KO:K12968] [EC:3.5.4.37]
101347429  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
101344304  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
101344040  2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3 [KO:K14216] [EC:2.7.7.84]
101361136  interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 [KO:K14754]
101359071  interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase isoform X2 [KO:K16195] [EC:2.7.11.1]
101348527  C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 [KO:K04010]
101346693  C3a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor [KO:K04009]
101350977  complement C3 [KO:K03990]
101350698  complement factor B [KO:K01335] [EC:3.4.21.47]
101356637  complement factor D [KO:K01334] [EC:3.4.21.46]
101350370  complement C5 isoform X1 [KO:K03994]
101352489  complement component C6 [KO:K03995]
101356842  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component C7 [KO:K03996]
101349415  complement component C8 alpha chain [KO:K03997]
101360625  complement component C8 beta chain [KO:K03998]
101356950  complement component C8 gamma chain [KO:K03999]
101348555  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component C9 [KO:K04000]
101347280  P-selectin isoform X1 [KO:K06496]
101349323  von Willebrand factor [KO:K03900]
101349199  complement C1q subcomponent subunit A isoform X2 [KO:K03986]
101348685  complement C1q subcomponent subunit B [KO:K03987]
101348943  complement C1q subcomponent subunit C [KO:K03988]
101359146  complement C1r subcomponent [KO:K01330] [EC:3.4.21.41]
101344169  complement C1s subcomponent [KO:K01331] [EC:3.4.21.42]
101350027  complement C2 [KO:K01332] [EC:3.4.21.43]
101351736  complement C4-A isoform X1 [KO:K03989]
101351551  mannose-binding protein C [KO:K03991]
101354394  mannose-binding protein A-like [KO:K03991]
101351430  mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 isoform X1 [KO:K03992] [EC:3.4.21.-]
101342871  mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 [KO:K03993] [EC:3.4.21.104]
101347713  prothrombin [KO:K01313] [EC:3.4.21.5]
101341950  coagulation factor XIII A chain [KO:K03917] [EC:2.3.2.13]
101351930  coagulation factor XIII B chain [KO:K03906]
101355966  fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
101342093  fibrinogen beta chain isoform X1 [KO:K03904]
101341660  fibrinogen gamma chain isoform X1 [KO:K03905]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00046  RNA
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00290  Fibrin
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00704  Superoxide
C00873  Angiotensin I
C02135  Angiotensin II
C15850  Angiotensin (1-7)
C20640  Cyclic GMP-AMP
Reference
PMID:33132005
  Authors
Harrison AG, Lin T, Wang P
  Title
Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
  Journal
Trends Immunol S1471-4906(20)30233-7 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004
Reference
PMID:33077917
  Authors
Perico L, Benigni A, Casiraghi F, Ng LFP, Renia L, Remuzzi G
  Title
Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-00357-4
Reference
PMID:32820801
  Authors
Battagello DS, Dragunas G, Klein MO, Ayub ALP, Velloso FJ, Correa RG
  Title
Unpuzzling COVID-19: tissue-related signaling pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
  Journal
Clin Sci (Lond) 134:2137-2160 (2020)
DOI:10.1042/CS20200904
Reference
PMID:32353634
  Authors
Felsenstein S, Herbert JA, McNamara PS, Hedrich CM
  Title
COVID-19: Immunology and treatment options.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 215:108448 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108448
Reference
PMID:33014208
  Authors
Hojyo S, Uchida M, Tanaka K, Hasebe R, Tanaka Y, Murakami M, Hirano T
  Title
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality.
  Journal
Inflamm Regen 40:37 (2020)
DOI:10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3
Reference
PMID:32544563
  Authors
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I
  Title
COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation.
  Journal
Cytokine 133:155151 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151
Reference
PMID:32635353
  Authors
Farooqi F, Dhawan N, Morgan R, Dinh J, Nedd K, Yatzkan G
  Title
Treatment of Severe COVID-19 with Tocilizumab Mitigates Cytokine Storm and Averts Mechanical Ventilation During Acute Respiratory Distress: A Case Report and Literature Review.
  Journal
Trop Med Infect Dis 5:E112 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed5030112
Reference
PMID:32376392
  Authors
Jamilloux Y, Henry T, Belot A, Viel S, Fauter M, El Jammal T, Walzer T, Francois B, Seve P
  Title
Should we stimulate or suppress immune responses in COVID-19? Cytokine and anti-cytokine interventions.
  Journal
Autoimmun Rev 19:102567 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102567
Reference
PMID:32722596
  Authors
Kiselevskiy M, Shubina I, Chikileva I, Sitdikova S, Samoylenko I, Anisimova N, Kirgizov K, Suleimanova A, Gorbunova T, Varfolomeeva S
  Title
Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?
  Journal
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 13:E166 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ph13080166
Reference
PMID:32922297
  Authors
Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB
  Title
COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks.
  Journal
Front Pharmacol 11:1278 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fphar.2020.01278
Reference
PMID:33055229
  Authors
Quan C, Li C, Ma H, Li Y, Zhang H
  Title
Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
  Journal
Clin Microbiol Rev 34:e00074-20 (2020)
DOI:10.1128/CMR.00074-20
Reference
PMID:32973803
  Authors
Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D Jr, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM
  Title
Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections.
  Journal
Front Immunol 11:1979 (2020)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979
Reference
PMID:32346093
  Authors
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Renia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP
  Title
The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:363-374 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
Reference
PMID:32979938
  Authors
Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, Zhang X, Chen JY, Wang H, Menachery VD, Rajsbaum R, Shi PY
  Title
Evasion of Type I Interferon by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Cell Rep 33:108234 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108234
Reference
PMID:32661197
  Authors
Hartenian E, Nandakumar D, Lari A, Ly M, Tucker JM, Glaunsinger BA
  Title
The molecular virology of coronaviruses.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 295:12910-12934 (2020)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.REV120.013930
Reference
PMID:32978971
  Authors
Amor S, Fernandez Blanco L, Baker D
  Title
Innate immunity during SARS-CoV-2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage.
  Journal
Clin Exp Immunol 202:193-209 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/cei.13523
Reference
PMID:32467561
  Authors
Catanzaro M, Fagiani F, Racchi M, Corsini E, Govoni S, Lanni C
  Title
Immune response in COVID-19: addressing a pharmacological challenge by targeting pathways triggered by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:84 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41392-020-0191-1
Reference
PMID:32687918
  Authors
Jafarzadeh A, Chauhan P, Saha B, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M
  Title
Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118102 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118102
Reference
PMID:32376901
  Authors
Merad M, Martin JC
  Title
Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:355-362 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0331-4
Reference
PMID:32246101
  Authors
South AM, Tomlinson L, Edmonston D, Hiremath S, Sparks MA
  Title
Controversies of renin-angiotensin system inhibition during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  Journal
Nat Rev Nephrol 16:305-307 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41581-020-0279-4
Reference
PMID:32433641
  Authors
Furuhashi M, Moniwa N, Takizawa H, Ura N, Shimamoto K
  Title
Potential differential effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on SARS-CoV-2 infection and lung injury in COVID-19.
  Journal
Hypertens Res 43:837-840 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41440-020-0478-1
Reference
PMID:32423094
  Authors
Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V
  Title
COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males?
  Journal
Int J Mol Sci 21:E3474 (2020)
DOI:10.3390/ijms21103474
Reference
PMID:33184193
  Authors
Kielian M
  Title
Enhancing host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2.
  Journal
Science 370:765-766 (2020)
DOI:10.1126/science.abf0732
Reference
PMID:32327719
  Authors
Risitano AM, Mastellos DC, Huber-Lang M, Yancopoulou D, Garlanda C, Ciceri F, Lambris JD
  Title
Complement as a target in COVID-19?
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:343-344 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7
Reference
PMID:32461141
  Authors
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G
  Title
The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact.
  Journal
Kidney Int 98:314-322 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
Reference
PMID:32559343
  Authors
Polycarpou A, Howard M, Farrar CA, Greenlaw R, Fanelli G, Wallis R, Klavinskis LS, Sacks S
  Title
Rationale for targeting complement in COVID-19.
  Journal
EMBO Mol Med 12:e12642 (2020)
DOI:10.15252/emmm.202012642
Reference
PMID:32439870
  Authors
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, Carmeliet P
  Title
COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 20:389-391 (2020)
DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0343-0
Reference
PMID:32643798
  Authors
Jodele S, Kohl J
  Title
Tackling COVID-19 infection through complement-targeted immunotherapy.
  Journal
Br J Pharmacol 178:2832-2848 (2021)
DOI:10.1111/bph.15187
Reference
PMID:32608159
  Authors
Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP
  Title
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways.
  Journal
J Thromb Haemost 18:2110-2117 (2020)
DOI:10.1111/jth.14981
Reference
PMID:32558620
  Authors
Colling ME, Kanthi Y
  Title
COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: An exploration of mechanisms.
  Journal
Vasc Med 25:471-478 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/1358863X20932640
Reference
PMID:32586214
  Authors
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K
  Title
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications.
  Journal
Circ Res 127:571-587 (2020)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317447
Reference
PMID:32995777
  Authors
Shi M, Wang L, Fontana P, Vora S, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Lieberman J, Wu H
  Title
SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 suppresses host but not viral translation through a bipartite mechanism.
  Journal
bioRxiv 2020.09.18.302901 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/2020.09.18.302901
Reference
PMID:32693241
  Authors
Paniri A, Akhavan-Niaki H
  Title
Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation.
  Journal
Life Sci 257:118114 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118114
Reference
PMID:32405269
  Authors
Omarjee L, Janin A, Perrot F, Laviolle B, Meilhac O, Mahe G
  Title
Targeting T-cell senescence and cytokine storm with rapamycin to prevent severe progression in COVID-19.
  Journal
Clin Immunol 216:108464 (2020)
DOI:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108464
Reference
PMID:32337664
  Authors
Zhang S, Li L, Shen A, Chen Y, Qi Z
  Title
Rational Use of Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia.
  Journal
Clin Drug Investig 40:511-518 (2020)
DOI:10.1007/s40261-020-00917-3
Related
pathway
tmu03015  mRNA surveillance pathway
tmu04144  Endocytosis
tmu04270  Vascular smooth muscle contraction
tmu04610  Complement and coagulation cascades
tmu04611  Platelet activation
tmu04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
tmu04614  Renin-angiotensin system
tmu04620  Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
tmu04621  NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
tmu04622  RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway
tmu04623  Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
tmu04630  JAK-STAT signaling pathway
tmu04650  Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
tmu04666  Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis
tmu04668  TNF signaling pathway
tmu04670  Leukocyte transendothelial migration
KO pathway
ko05171   
LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system