There are three major categories of antibody deficiencies: (a) defects in early B cell development, (b) hyper-IgM syndromes (also called class switch recombination defects), and (c) common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Category (c) CVID, also called acquired hypogammaglobulinemia, adult-onset hypogammaglobulinemia, or dysgammaglobulinemia, is a heterogeneous group of disorders involving both B-cell and T-cell immune function, the predominant manifestation of which is hypogammaglobulinemia. CVID is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, decreased serum Ig levels, and abnormal antibody responses. The mutated genes that produce the CVID phenotype are known only for a minority of patients, and they are diverse in their influence on immune function. Homozygous mutations in ICOS are clearly the cause of disease. Heterozygous mutations in the TNF receptor family member TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor) can be found in up to 10% of patients with CVID.
Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update from the International Union of Immunological Societies Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Classification Committee.
Warnatz K, Salzer U, Rizzi M, Fischer B, Gutenberger S, Bohm J, Kienzler AK, Pan-Hammarstrom Q, Hammarstrom L, Rakhmanov M, Schlesier M, Grimbacher B, Peter HH, Eibel H
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B-cell activating factor receptor deficiency is associated with an adult-onset antibody deficiency syndrome in humans.
Salzer E, Kansu A, Sic H, Majek P, Ikinciogullari A, Dogu FE, Prengemann NK, Santos-Valente E, Pickl WF, Bilic I, Ban SA, Kuloglu Z, Demir AM, Ensari A, Colinge J, Rizzi M, Eibel H, Boztug K
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Early-onset inflammatory bowel disease and common variable immunodeficiency-like disease caused by IL-21 deficiency.
Fliegauf M, Bryant VL, Frede N, Slade C, Woon ST, Lehnert K, Winzer S, Bulashevska A, Scerri T, Leung E, Jordan A, Keller B, de Vries E, Cao H, Yang F, Schaffer AA, Warnatz K, Browett P, Douglass J, Ameratunga RV, van der Meer JW, Grimbacher B
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Haploinsufficiency of the NF-kappaB1 Subunit p50 in Common Variable Immunodeficiency.
Schubert D, Klein MC, Hassdenteufel S, Caballero-Oteyza A, Yang L, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Kemming J, Kuhn J, Winzer S, Rusch S, Fliegauf M, Schaffer AA, Pfeffer S, Geiger R, Cavalie A, Cao H, Yang F, Li Y, Rizzi M, Eibel H, Kobbe R, Marks AL, Peppers BP, Hostoffer RW, Puck JM, Zimmermann R, Grimbacher B
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Plasma cell deficiency in human subjects with heterozygous mutations in Sec61 translocon alpha 1 subunit (SEC61A1).
