KEGG   PATHWAY: gvr04975
Entry
gvr04975                    Pathway                                
Name
Fat digestion and absorption - Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur)
Description
Fat is an important energy source from food. More than 95% of dietary fat is long-chain triacylglycerols (TAG), the remaining being phospholipids (4.5%) and sterols. In the small intestine lumen, dietary TAG is hydrolyzed to fatty acids (FA) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) by pancreatic lipase. These products are then emulsified with the help of phospholipids (PL) and bile acids (BA) present in bile to form micelles. Free FAs and MAGs are taken up by the enterocyte where they are rapidly resynthesized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form TAG. PLs from the diet as well as bile - mainly LPA - too are absorbed by the enterocyte and are acylated to form phosphatidic acid (PA), which is also converted into TAG. Absorbed cholesterol (CL) is acylated to cholesterol esters (CE). Within the ER, TAG joins CE and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) to form chylomicrons that enter circulation through the lymph.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
gvr04975  Fat digestion and absorption
gvr04975

Other DBs
GO: 0044241 0030299
Organism
Galeopterus variegatus (Sunda flying lemur) [GN:gvr]
Gene
103582155  CEL; bile salt-activated lipase [KO:K12298] [EC:3.1.1.3 3.1.1.13]
103582326  [KO:K08745] [EC:6.2.1.-]
103583543  [KO:K12298] [EC:3.1.1.3 3.1.1.13]
103587801  PLA2G1B; phospholipase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103588317  CD36; platelet glycoprotein 4 [KO:K06259]
103589671  DGAT1; diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 [KO:K11155] [EC:2.3.1.20 2.3.1.75 2.3.1.76]
103589908  PLA2G12A; group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103590789  PPAP2A; lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 1 [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
103590879  AGPAT2; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta [KO:K13509] [EC:2.3.1.51]
103591775  SCARB1; scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13885]
103594072  DGAT2; diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 [KO:K11160] [EC:2.3.1.20 2.3.1.75]
103595076  FABP2; fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal [KO:K08751]
103595764  SLC27A4; long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 [KO:K08745] [EC:6.2.1.-]
103596500  PLA2G10; group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103597513  ACAT1; acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
103599209  [KO:K14073] [EC:3.1.1.3]
103599212  [KO:K14073] [EC:3.1.1.3]
103599552  GOT2; aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial [KO:K14455] [EC:2.6.1.1]
103600231  PPAP2C; lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 2 [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
103601048  ACAT2; acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
103602748  MTTP; microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit [KO:K14463]
103603356  ABCA1; ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 1 [KO:K05641]
103603453  APOB; apolipoprotein B-100 [KO:K14462]
103603561  PPAP2B; lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 3 [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
103603637  AGPAT1; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha isoform X1 [KO:K13509] [EC:2.3.1.51]
103604157  LIPF; gastric triacylglycerol lipase isoform X1 [KO:K14452] [EC:3.1.1.3]
103604903  MOGAT3; 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 3 [KO:K14456] [EC:2.3.1.20 2.3.1.22]
103604909  [KO:K14457] [EC:2.3.1.22]
103605061  PLA2G3; group 3 secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103605953  PLA2G5; calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103605961  PLA2G2D; group IID secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103605978  PLA2G2C; putative inactive group IIC secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103606141  PLA2G2F; group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103607176  APOA4; apolipoprotein A-IV [KO:K08760]
103607177  APOA1; apolipoprotein A-I [KO:K08757]
103607295  PLA2G12B; group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like protein [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103607352  PLA2G2A; phospholipase A2, membrane associated [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103607496  CLPS; colipase isoform X1 [KO:K14460]
103607625  ABCG5; ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 [KO:K05683]
103607626  ABCG8; ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8 [KO:K05684]
103607764  PLA2G2E; group IIE secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
103607828  [KO:K14461]
103609385  FABP1; fatty acid-binding protein, liver [KO:K08750]
103609828  PNLIPRP2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 [KO:K14075] [EC:3.1.1.3]
103610702  [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00040  Acyl-CoA
C00162  Fatty acid
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00187  Cholesterol
C00416  Phosphatidate
C00422  Triacylglycerol
C00681  1-Acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
C00865  Phospholipid
C01558  Bile salt
C01885  1-Acylglycerol
C02112  2-Acylglycerol
C02530  Cholesterol ester
Reference
PMID:19158321
  Authors
Iqbal J, Hussain MM
  Title
Intestinal lipid absorption.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296:E1183-94 (2009)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.90899.2008
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:19280719
  Authors
Niot I, Poirier H, Tran TT, Besnard P
  Title
Intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids: evidence and uncertainties.
  Journal
Prog Lipid Res 48:101-15 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.plipres.2009.01.001
Reference
PMID:15286736
  Authors
Shi Y, Burn P
  Title
Lipid metabolic enzymes: emerging drug targets for the treatment of obesity.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:695-710 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1469
Reference
PMID:20148678
  Authors
Mansbach CM, Siddiqi SA
  Title
The biogenesis of chylomicrons.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 72:315-33 (2010)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135801
Reference
PMID:19116371
  Authors
Shi Y, Cheng D
  Title
Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297:E10-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.90949.2008
Reference
PMID:10924713
  Authors
Ros E
  Title
Intestinal absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol. Dietary and pharmacological inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk.
  Journal
Atherosclerosis 151:357-79 (2000)
DOI:10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00456-1
Reference
PMID:12621063
  Authors
Yen CL, Farese RV Jr
  Title
MGAT2, a monoacylglycerol acyltransferase expressed in the small intestine.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 278:18532-7 (2003)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M301633200
Reference
PMID:17495606
  Authors
Levy E, Spahis S, Sinnett D, Peretti N, Maupas-Schwalm F, Delvin E, Lambert M, Lavoie MA
  Title
Intestinal cholesterol transport proteins: an update and beyond.
  Journal
Curr Opin Lipidol 18:310-8 (2007)
DOI:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32813fa2e2
Reference
PMID:18830418
  Authors
Williams KJ
  Title
Molecular processes that handle -- and mishandle -- dietary lipids.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 118:3247-59 (2008)
DOI:10.1172/JCI35206
Reference
PMID:11504671
  Authors
Lu K, Lee MH, Patel SB
  Title
Dietary cholesterol absorption; more than just bile.
  Journal
Trends Endocrinol Metab 12:314-20 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00433-7
Reference
PMID:14976303
  Authors
Klett EL, Patel SB
  Title
Biomedicine. Will the real cholesterol transporter please stand up.
  Journal
Science 303:1149-50 (2004)
DOI:10.1126/science.1095519
Reference
PMID:17002594
  Authors
Wang DQ
  Title
Regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 69:221-48 (2007)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.031905.160725
Reference
PMID:19663632
  Authors
Patel JP, Brocks DR
  Title
The effect of oral lipids and circulating lipoproteins on the metabolism of drugs.
  Journal
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 5:1385-98 (2009)
DOI:10.1517/17425250903176439
Reference
PMID:15891388
  Authors
Hussain MM, Fatma S, Pan X, Iqbal J
  Title
Intestinal lipoprotein assembly.
  Journal
Curr Opin Lipidol 16:281-5 (2005)
DOI:10.1097/01.mol.0000169347.53568.5a
Reference
PMID:20493784
  Authors
Kindel T, Lee DM, Tso P
  Title
The mechanism of the formation and secretion of chylomicrons.
  Journal
Atheroscler Suppl 11:11-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2010.03.003
Related
pathway
gvr00561  Glycerolipid metabolism
gvr04530  Tight junction
gvr04972  Pancreatic secretion
gvr04976  Bile secretion
KO pathway
ko04975   

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