KEGG   PATHWAY: mlf04974
Entry
mlf04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
mlf04974  Protein digestion and absorption
mlf04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat) [GN:mlf]
Gene
102427636  pepsin F-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
102431463  pepsin F-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
102426099  cationic trypsin-3 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
102426413  anionic trypsin [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
102427040  anionic trypsin-like [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
102438386  CTRB1; chymotrypsinogen B [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
102422511  CTRL; chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
102427918  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
102438424  CELA3B; chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
102418649  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
102419807  CPA2; carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
102419383  CPA3; mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
102419077  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
102429248  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 isoform X1 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
102419854  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 isoform X2 [KO:K12040]
102441554  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
102441641  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102417711  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2-like [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102429118  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102432129  ATP1A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102420715  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
102442187  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
102422636  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X3 [KO:K01540]
102428886  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
102423315  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
102430575  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
102434117  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
102437577  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
102434558  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 [KO:K05006]
102421580  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
102439754  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
102433498  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
102438631  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
102419076  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
102433184  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase isoform X1 [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
102425390  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
102430151  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
102425043  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
102427951  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: neutral amino acid transporter B(0)-like [KO:K05616]
102417974  SLC8A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/calcium exchanger 1 [KO:K05849]
102439868  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 [KO:K05849]
102423517  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
102442663  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
102419956  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
102435325  SLC36A3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K14209]
102425241  proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
102425545  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
102439251  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 isoform X2 [KO:K14209]
102421223  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
102437753  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
102419317  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
102432110  b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1-like [KO:K13868]
102427566  SLC7A7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
102423572  ELN; elastin [KO:K14211]
102434359  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06236]
102440571  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain [KO:K06236]
102427340  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain [KO:K19719]
102437005  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
102419751  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
102428769  COL4A2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-2(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102428453  COL4A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102420284  COL4A6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-6(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102443143  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102416916  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
102427501  collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
102434205  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
102436697  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain [KO:K19721]
102439357  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain [KO:K19721]
102418832  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102436416  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-4(VI) chain-like [KO:K06238]
102437036  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102437344  COL6A6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102434127  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102434641  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
102432644  COL8A2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
102434726  COL8A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
102419595  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
102442455  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
102423308  COL9A2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-2(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
102440689  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
102421468  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain [KO:K08132]
102417009  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain [KO:K16617]
102419773  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08133]
102443013  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain [KO:K08135]
102434521  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24339]
102429422  COL17A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain [KO:K07603]
102427465  COL18A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain [KO:K06823]
102442139  COL19A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
102428883  COL20A1; collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
102434397  COL21A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain [KO:K16629]
102430990  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24355]
102427473  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24356]
102442134  COL26A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain [KO:K24358]
102441374  COL28A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
mlf00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
mlf04530  Tight junction
mlf04971  Gastric acid secretion
mlf04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   
LinkDB

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