KEGG   PATHWAY: dle04975
Entry
dle04975                    Pathway                                
Name
Fat digestion and absorption - Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale)
Description
Fat is an important energy source from food. More than 95% of dietary fat is long-chain triacylglycerols (TAG), the remaining being phospholipids (4.5%) and sterols. In the small intestine lumen, dietary TAG is hydrolyzed to fatty acids (FA) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) by pancreatic lipase. These products are then emulsified with the help of phospholipids (PL) and bile acids (BA) present in bile to form micelles. Free FAs and MAGs are taken up by the enterocyte where they are rapidly resynthesized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form TAG. PLs from the diet as well as bile - mainly LPA - too are absorbed by the enterocyte and are acylated to form phosphatidic acid (PA), which is also converted into TAG. Absorbed cholesterol (CL) is acylated to cholesterol esters (CE). Within the ER, TAG joins CE and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) to form chylomicrons that enter circulation through the lymph.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
dle04975  Fat digestion and absorption
dle04975

Other DBs
GO: 0044241 0030299
Organism
Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) [GN:dle]
Gene
111172637  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: gastric triacylglycerol lipase [KO:K14452] [EC:3.1.1.3]
111172609  pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase [KO:K14073] [EC:3.1.1.3]
111172608  PNLIPRP1; inactive pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 [KO:K14074] [EC:3.1.1.3]
111172607  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 [KO:K14075] [EC:3.1.1.3]
111177087  CEL; bile salt-activated lipase [KO:K12298] [EC:3.1.1.13 3.1.1.3]
111183503  PLA2G12B; group XIIB secretory phospholipase A2-like protein isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111171501  PLA2G12A; group XIIA secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111162770  PLA2G3; group 3 secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111162802  PLA2G1B; phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111163264  PLA2G2C; putative inactive group IIC secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111163265  PLA2G2F; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111163292  PLA2G5; calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111163293  PLA2G2D; group IID secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111163294  PLA2G2E; group IIE secretory phospholipase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111163518  PLA2G10; group 10 secretory phospholipase A2 [KO:K01047] [EC:3.1.1.4]
111178732  CLPS; colipase isoform X1 [KO:K14460]
111164620  platelet glycoprotein 4-like [KO:K06259]
111164621  platelet glycoprotein 4 [KO:K06259]
111165383  GOT2; aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial [KO:K14455] [EC:2.6.1.1]
111186096  FABP2; fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal [KO:K08751]
111165437  FABP1; fatty acid-binding protein, liver [KO:K08750]
111166587  SLC27A1; long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K08745] [EC:6.2.1.-]
111177167  SLC27A4; long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4 [KO:K08745] [EC:6.2.1.-]
111170954  AGPAT1; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha [KO:K13509] [EC:2.3.1.51]
111177021  AGPAT2; 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta [KO:K13509] [EC:2.3.1.51]
111175860  PLPP3; phospholipid phosphatase 3 [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
111166071  phospholipid phosphatase 3-like [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
111170478  PLPP2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: phospholipid phosphatase 2 [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
111186684  PLPP1; phospholipid phosphatase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K01080] [EC:3.1.3.4]
111184878  MOGAT2; 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 [KO:K14457] [EC:2.3.1.22]
111182288  MOGAT3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 3 [KO:K14456] [EC:2.3.1.20 2.3.1.22]
111165111  DGAT1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 [KO:K11155] [EC:2.3.1.20 2.3.1.75 2.3.1.76]
111184877  DGAT2; diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 [KO:K11160] [EC:2.3.1.20 2.3.1.75]
111187005  SCARB1; scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13885]
111184518  NPC1L1; NPC1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14461]
111168074  ACAT1; acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
111167584  ACAT2; acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, cytosolic [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
111174820  ABCG5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 [KO:K05683]
111174723  ABCG8; ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8 [KO:K05684]
111166933  APOA4; apolipoprotein A-IV isoform X1 [KO:K08760]
111175030  APOB; apolipoprotein B-100 [KO:K14462]
111179099  MTTP; microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit [KO:K14463]
111166884  APOA1; apolipoprotein A-I [KO:K08757]
111188018  ABCA1; phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA1 isoform X1 [KO:K05641]
Compound
C00010  CoA
C00040  Acyl-CoA
C00162  Fatty acid
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00187  Cholesterol
C00416  Phosphatidate
C00422  Triacylglycerol
C00681  1-Acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
C00865  Phospholipid
C01558  Bile salt
C01885  1-Acylglycerol
C02112  2-Acylglycerol
C02530  Cholesterol ester
Reference
PMID:19158321
  Authors
Iqbal J, Hussain MM
  Title
Intestinal lipid absorption.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296:E1183-94 (2009)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.90899.2008
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:19280719
  Authors
Niot I, Poirier H, Tran TT, Besnard P
  Title
Intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids: evidence and uncertainties.
  Journal
Prog Lipid Res 48:101-15 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.plipres.2009.01.001
Reference
PMID:15286736
  Authors
Shi Y, Burn P
  Title
Lipid metabolic enzymes: emerging drug targets for the treatment of obesity.
  Journal
Nat Rev Drug Discov 3:695-710 (2004)
DOI:10.1038/nrd1469
Reference
PMID:20148678
  Authors
Mansbach CM, Siddiqi SA
  Title
The biogenesis of chylomicrons.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 72:315-33 (2010)
DOI:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135801
Reference
PMID:19116371
  Authors
Shi Y, Cheng D
  Title
Beyond triglyceride synthesis: the dynamic functional roles of MGAT and DGAT enzymes in energy metabolism.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 297:E10-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.90949.2008
Reference
PMID:10924713
  Authors
Ros E
  Title
Intestinal absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol. Dietary and pharmacological inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk.
  Journal
Atherosclerosis 151:357-79 (2000)
DOI:10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00456-1
Reference
PMID:12621063
  Authors
Yen CL, Farese RV Jr
  Title
MGAT2, a monoacylglycerol acyltransferase expressed in the small intestine.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 278:18532-7 (2003)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M301633200
Reference
PMID:17495606
  Authors
Levy E, Spahis S, Sinnett D, Peretti N, Maupas-Schwalm F, Delvin E, Lambert M, Lavoie MA
  Title
Intestinal cholesterol transport proteins: an update and beyond.
  Journal
Curr Opin Lipidol 18:310-8 (2007)
DOI:10.1097/MOL.0b013e32813fa2e2
Reference
PMID:18830418
  Authors
Williams KJ
  Title
Molecular processes that handle -- and mishandle -- dietary lipids.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 118:3247-59 (2008)
DOI:10.1172/JCI35206
Reference
PMID:11504671
  Authors
Lu K, Lee MH, Patel SB
  Title
Dietary cholesterol absorption; more than just bile.
  Journal
Trends Endocrinol Metab 12:314-20 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00433-7
Reference
PMID:14976303
  Authors
Klett EL, Patel SB
  Title
Biomedicine. Will the real cholesterol transporter please stand up.
  Journal
Science 303:1149-50 (2004)
DOI:10.1126/science.1095519
Reference
PMID:17002594
  Authors
Wang DQ
  Title
Regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 69:221-48 (2007)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.031905.160725
Reference
PMID:19663632
  Authors
Patel JP, Brocks DR
  Title
The effect of oral lipids and circulating lipoproteins on the metabolism of drugs.
  Journal
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 5:1385-98 (2009)
DOI:10.1517/17425250903176439
Reference
PMID:15891388
  Authors
Hussain MM, Fatma S, Pan X, Iqbal J
  Title
Intestinal lipoprotein assembly.
  Journal
Curr Opin Lipidol 16:281-5 (2005)
DOI:10.1097/01.mol.0000169347.53568.5a
Reference
PMID:20493784
  Authors
Kindel T, Lee DM, Tso P
  Title
The mechanism of the formation and secretion of chylomicrons.
  Journal
Atheroscler Suppl 11:11-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2010.03.003
Related
pathway
dle00561  Glycerolipid metabolism
dle04530  Tight junction
dle04972  Pancreatic secretion
dle04976  Bile secretion
KO pathway
ko04975   
LinkDB

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