PATHWAY: mlx05415 Help
Entry
Name
Diabetic cardiomyopathy - Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal)
Description
Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been defined as left ventricular dysfunction that occurs among patients with diabetes mellitus independent of a recognized cause such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy broadly involves hyperglycemia, increased circulating fatty acids, and insulin resistance contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired calcium metabolism, Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) activation, and altered substrate metabolism. These effects result in cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte death, contractile dysfunction, endothelial cell damage and eventually heart failure. In the process of cardiac fibrosis, cardiac fibroblasts are the final effector cell.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) [GN:
mlx ]
Gene
118019532 SLC2A1; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 [KO:K07299 ]
118000005 SLC2A4; solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 isoform X1 [KO:K07191 ]
118008021 GFPT1; glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00820 ] [EC:2.6.1.16 ]
118027107 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
118021697 CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
118027195 AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor [KO:K19722 ]
118018155 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1-like [KO:K04392 ]
117999338 RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392 ]
117998715 RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 isoform X1 [KO:K07860 ]
118027047 NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X1 [KO:K02580 ]
118022632 TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13375 ]
118014087 TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein isoform X1 [KO:K13376 ]
117998558 PPARA; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha isoform X1 [KO:K07294 ]
118006436 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase isozyme 3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00898 ] [EC:2.7.11.2 ]
118006464 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) kinase isozyme 3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00898 ] [EC:2.7.11.2 ]
118017601 PTPA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A activator isoform X1 [KO:K17605 ]
118004424 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
118020028 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
118006556 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
118016863 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
118019468 PIK3R3; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
118006042 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
118010186 PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, testis-specific form, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
118007442 PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit alpha, somatic form, mitochondrial [KO:K00161 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
118005043 PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00162 ] [EC:1.2.4.1 ]
118026972 NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03944 ]
118024594 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
118005005 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
118012420 NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945 ]
118006077 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
117999192 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
118006627 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03945 ]
118016727 NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946 ]
118008941 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
118026286 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
117997916 NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947 ]
118013193 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3-like [KO:K03947 ]
118008679 NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948 ]
118000958 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5-like [KO:K03949 ]
118021036 NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 isoform X1 [KO:K03949 ]
117998612 NDUFA6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03950 ]
118005969 NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951 ]
118009157 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8-like [KO:K03952 ]
118016476 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8-like [KO:K03952 ]
118017734 NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03952 ]
118025758 NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953 ]
118011878 NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954 ]
118005738 NDUFA11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11 [KO:K03956 ]
117997521 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12-like [KO:K11352 ]
117998878 NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352 ]
118005260 NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353 ]
118009264 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1-like [KO:K03957 ]
118002675 NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
118025455 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957 ]
118021161 NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958 ]
118012157 NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959 ]
118007053 NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960 ]
118006688 NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961 ]
118018036 NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 isoform X1 [KO:K03962 ]
118005924 NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03963 ]
118025000 NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03964 ]
118015199 NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965 ]
118026254 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9-like [KO:K03965 ]
118021712 NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966 ]
118009645 NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351 ]
118014015 NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03935 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118015844 NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial [KO:K03936 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118006687 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
118006809 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial [KO:K03937 ]
118021333 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03937 ]
118027278 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
118019589 NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938 ]
117998200 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
117999059 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5-like [KO:K03938 ]
118006183 NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939 ]
118005112 NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03940 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118016147 NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03941 ] [EC:7.1.1.2 ]
118022312 NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967 ]
118023788 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03967 ]
118008977 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial-like [KO:K03967 ]
118006277 SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
118019953 SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235 ] [EC:1.3.5.1 ]
118001049 succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial-like [KO:K00236 ]
118014021 SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00236 ]
118013236 SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237 ]
118005048 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00414 ]
118019464 cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00416 ]
118023493 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
118001502 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263 ]
118011354 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02263 ]
118007814 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270 ]
118008635 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02270 ]
118001468 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC118001468 [KO:K02270 ]
118012585 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02132 ]
118014290 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02136 ]
118021601 ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02136 ]
118013637 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02135 ]
118019006 ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127 ]
118000847 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
118023337 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
118008780 ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K02128 ]
118016240 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
118024792 ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
118026484 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
118012240 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
118012306 ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128 ]
118021108 ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial-like [KO:K02128 ]
118018787 ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131 ]
118016634 VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
118004524 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1-like [KO:K05862 ]
118021936 VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040 ]
118009917 VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
118012526 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3-like [KO:K15041 ]
118004611 SMAD2; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04500 ]
118003430 SMAD3; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 isoform X1 [KO:K23605 ]
118003092 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118011244 PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
118011247 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
Compound
C00043 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine
C00118 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C00236 3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate
C00352 D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C06156 alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Riehle C, Bauersachs J
Title
Of mice and men: models and mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lorenzo-Almoros A, Tunon J, Orejas M, Cortes M, Egido J, Lorenzo O
Title
Diagnostic approaches for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tan Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C, Wintergerst KA, Keller BB, Cai L
Title
Mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy and potential therapeutic strategies: preclinical and clinical evidence.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Zamora M, Villena JA
Title
Contribution of Impaired Insulin Signaling to the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Palomer X, Pizarro-Delgado J, Vazquez-Carrera M
Title
Emerging Actors in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Heartbreaker Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mishra PK, Ying W, Nandi SS, Bandyopadhyay GK, Patel KK, Mahata SK
Title
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Immunometabolic Perspective.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chong CR, Clarke K, Levelt E
Title
Metabolic Remodeling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brownlee M
Title
Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gollmer J, Zirlik A, Bugger H
Title
Established and Emerging Mechanisms of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Boudina S, Abel ED
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy revisited.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Varma U, Koutsifeli P, Benson VL, Mellor KM, Delbridge LMD
Title
Molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology in diabetes - Experimental insights.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mandavia CH, Aroor AR, Demarco VG, Sowers JR
Title
Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in diabetes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Falcao-Pires I, Leite-Moreira AF
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: understanding the molecular and cellular basis to progress in diagnosis and treatment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Westermeier F, Riquelme JA, Pavez M, Garrido V, Diaz A, Verdejo HE, Castro PF, Garcia L, Lavandero S
Title
New Molecular Insights of Insulin in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Randhawa VK, Dhanvantari S, Connelly K
Title
How Diabetes and Heart Failure Modulate Each Other and Condition Management.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Athithan L, Gulsin GS, McCann GP, Levelt E
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology, theories and evidence to date.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Murarka S, Movahed MR
Title
Diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Thomas CM, Yong QC, Rosa RM, Seqqat R, Gopal S, Casarini DE, Jones WK, Gupta S, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Cardiac-specific suppression of NF-kappaB signaling prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brahma MK, Pepin ME, Wende AR
Title
My Sweetheart Is Broken: Role of Glucose in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Singh VP, Le B, Khode R, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Singh VP, Baker KM, Kumar R
Title
Activation of the intracellular renin-angiotensin system in cardiac fibroblasts by high glucose: role in extracellular matrix production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jia G, DeMarco VG, Sowers JR
Title
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kim JA, Wei Y, Sowers JR
Title
Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin resistance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA
Title
Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Evangelista I, Nuti R, Picchioni T, Dotta F, Palazzuoli A
Title
Molecular Dysfunction and Phenotypic Derangement in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A, McFadden DW, Parinandi NL, Maulik N
Title
Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Knapp M, Tu X, Wu R
Title
Vascular endothelial dysfunction, a major mediator in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Asbun J, Villarreal FJ
Title
The pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis in the setting of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Levick SP, Widiapradja A
Title
The Diabetic Cardiac Fibroblast: Mechanisms Underlying Phenotype and Function.
Journal
Related pathway
mlx00520 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism
mlx04933 AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications
KO pathway
LinkDB
All DBs