Entry
Name
Calcium signaling pathway - Phycodurus eques (leafy seadragon)
Description
Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside is a principal source of signal Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+ is driven by the presence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. There are many other Ca2+-entry channels, such as the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), for example the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) that respond to glutamate. There also are second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
The other principal source of Ca2+ for signalling is the internal stores that are located primarily in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR), in which inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+. The principal activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself and this process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to the mechanism of Ca2+ signalling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. IP3, which is generated by pathways using different isoforms of phospholipase C (PLCbeta, delta, epsilon, gamma and zeta), regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct Ca2+ release mechanism on separate acidic Ca2+ stores. Ca2+ release via the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also feedback onto either RYRs or IP3Rs. cADPR and NAADP are generated by CD38. This enzyme might be sensitive to the cellular metabolism, as ATP and NADH inhibit it.
The influx of Ca2+ from the environment or release from internal stores causes a very rapid and dramatic increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which has been widely exploited for signal transduction. Some proteins, such as troponin C (TnC) involved in muscle contraction, directly bind to and sense Ca2+. However, in other cases Ca2+ is sensed through intermediate calcium sensors such as calmodulin (CALM).
Class
Environmental Information Processing; Signal transduction
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Phycodurus eques (leafy seadragon) [GN:
pee ]
Gene
133415814 slc8a4a; solute carrier family 8 member 4a isoform X1 [KO:K05849 ]
133396729 htr5ab; 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A, genome duplicate b [KO:K04161 ]
133408810 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04632 ]
133399614 gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
133396369 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04633 ]
133411382 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633 ]
133414665 prkacaa; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha, genome duplicate a isoform X1 [KO:K04345 ] [EC:2.7.11.11 ]
133413491 orai1b; calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K16056 ]
133399685 calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1-like [KO:K16056 ]
133397145 cacna1c; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C isoform X1 [KO:K04850 ]
133408965 cacna1da; calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1D subunit, a isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
133399393 cacna1db; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04851 ]
133407340 cacna1fb; calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1F subunit isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
133401401 cacna1fa; voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D isoform X1 [KO:K04853 ]
133402394 dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04857 ]
133408910 dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type skeletal muscle calcium channel subunit alpha-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K04857 ]
133414507 cacna1aa; voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
133404583 cacna1ab; calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit, b isoform X1 [KO:K04344 ]
133414234 cacna1bb; voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B isoform X1 [KO:K04849 ]
133406774 voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E [KO:K04852 ]
133411137 voltage-dependent R-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1E-like [KO:K04852 ]
133417578 cacna1g; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G isoform X1 [KO:K04854 ]
133414436 cacna1ha; voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I isoform X1 [KO:K04855 ]
133414365 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I-like [KO:K04856 ]
133403676 voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I-like [KO:K04856 ]
133407392 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
133403991 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
133416162 neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7-like isoform X1 [KO:K04809 ]
133413356 grin1a; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1a isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
133399616 grin1b; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1b isoform X1 [KO:K05208 ]
133404453 grin2bb; glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2B, genome duplicate b [KO:K05210 ]
133414765 grin2ca; glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2Ca [KO:K05211 ]
133395867 grin2da; glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D isoform X1 [KO:K05212 ]
133397818 htr2cl1; 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C, G protein-coupled-like 1 [KO:K04157 ]
133409395 lhcgr; lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04248 ]
133413119 ptafr; platelet-activating factor receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04279 ]
133404231 prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype-like isoform X1 [KO:K04258 ]
133402994 trhr2; thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04282 ]
133400075 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
133413293 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634 ]
133406857 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04635 ]
133413257 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04635 ]
133400647 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14-like isoform X1 [KO:K04636 ]
133405968 guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11-like [KO:K04637 ]
133415223 pdgfab; platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide b [KO:K04359 ]
133404446 pdgfba; platelet-derived growth factor beta polypeptide a [KO:K17386 ]
133407634 fgf1a; putative fibroblast growth factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K18496 ]
133399351 fgf7; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: fibroblast growth factor 7 [KO:K04358 ]
133416936 vegfab; vascular endothelial growth factor Ab isoform X1 [KO:K05448 ]
133399149 vegfc; vascular endothelial growth factor C isoform X1 [KO:K05449 ]
133414184 gdnfa; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor isoform X1 [KO:K05452 ]
133414806 plcd3a; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-3-A isoform X1 [KO:K05857 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133409831 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133397600 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3-like [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133416892 plcb1l; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133413447 plcg1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01116 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133402913 plcg2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05859 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133417918 plce1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase epsilon-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05860 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
133408302 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
133409234 itpr1b; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958 ]
133403056 itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959 ]
133410133 mcu; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K20858 ]
133416250 vdac1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862 ]
133417608 voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like [KO:K15040 ]
133399975 vdac3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 [KO:K15041 ]
133413486 zgc:56235; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2-like isoform X1 [KO:K15041 ]
133414378 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles-like [KO:K05865 ]
133404714 calm3a; calmodulin 3a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) isoform X1 [KO:K02183 ]
133397816 phka1a; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
133398572 phkb; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
133399318 phka2; phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform isoform X1 [KO:K07190 ]
133400165 camk2b1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
133403800 camk2d2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 2 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
133410203 camk2g2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
133416464 camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
133413450 serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform-like isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
133395438 nfatc1; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K04446 ]
133401997 nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K04446 ]
133413115 nfatc2a; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17332 ]
133397202 nfatc3a; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 [KO:K17333 ]
133412114 nfatc4; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 4 [KO:K17334 ]
133408593 dual specificity calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B-like isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
133410496 pde1a; dual specificity calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
133411455 pde1cb; dual specificity calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A isoform X1 [KO:K13755 ] [EC:3.1.4.17 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C06124 Sphingosine 1-phosphate
C11556 1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
C13051 Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL.
Title
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Berridge MJ, Lipp P, Bootman MD.
Title
The versatility and universality of calcium signalling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wang MC, Dolphin A, Kitmitto A.
Title
L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: understanding function through structure.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ferrier GR, Howlett SE.
Title
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: role of membrane potential in regulation of contraction.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Keef KD, Hume JR, Zhong J.
Title
Regulation of cardiac and smooth muscle Ca(2+) channels (Ca(V)1.2a,b) by protein kinases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hell JW, Appleyard SM, Yokoyama CT, Warner C, Catterall WA.
Title
Differential phosphorylation of two size forms of the N-type calcium channel alpha 1 subunit which have different COOH termini.
Journal
J Biol Chem 269:7390-6 (1994)
Reference
Authors
Yunker AM.
Title
Modulation and pharmacology of low voltage-activated ("T-Type") calcium channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Yakel JL.
Title
Calcineurin regulation of synaptic function: from ion channels to transmitter release and gene transcription.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fukunaga K, Miyamoto E.
Title
A working model of CaM kinase II activity in hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Della Rocca GJ, van Biesen T, Daaka Y, Luttrell DK, Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ.
Title
Ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by G protein-coupled receptors. Convergence of Gi- and Gq-mediated pathways on calcium/calmodulin, Pyk2, and Src kinase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K.
Title
Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling in the brain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bruce JI, Straub SV, Yule DI.
Title
Crosstalk between cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in non-excitable cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lee HC, Munshi C, Graeff R.
Title
Structures and activities of cyclic ADP-ribose, NAADP and their metabolic enzymes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Crompton M.
Title
Mitochondrial intermembrane junctional complexes and their role in cell death.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grewal SS, York RD, Stork PJ.
Title
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase signalling in neurons.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Trushin SA, Pennington KN, Carmona EM, Asin S, Savoy DN, Billadeau DD, Paya CV.
Title
Protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) acts upstream of PKCtheta to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hutchins JR, Dikovskaya D, Clarke PR.
Title
Regulation of Cdc2/cyclin B activation in Xenopus egg extracts via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdc25C phosphatase by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein [corrected] kinase II.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tornquist K
Title
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingosine kinase and autocrine calcium signalling in thyroid cells.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Feske S
Title
Immunodeficiency due to defects in store-operated calcium entry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Giachini FR, Lima VV, Hannan JL, Carneiro FS, Webb RC, Tostes RC
Title
STIM1/Orai1-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry: the tip of the iceberg.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Baba Y, Kurosaki T
Title
[Regulation of store-operated calcium entry by STIM1].
Journal
Seikagaku 80:1123-8 (2008)
Reference
Authors
Galione A, Evans AM, Ma J, Parrington J, Arredouani A, Cheng X, Zhu MX
Title
The acid test: the discovery of two-pore channels (TPCs) as NAADP-gated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release channels.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Beard NA, Wei L, Dulhunty AF
Title
Ca(2+) signaling in striated muscle: the elusive roles of triadin, junctin, and calsequestrin.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marty I
Title
Triadin regulation of the ryanodine receptor complex.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arvanitis DA, Vafiadaki E, Sanoudou D, Kranias EG
Title
Histidine-rich calcium binding protein: the new regulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling.
Journal
Related pathway
pee04070 Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
KO pathway
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