KEGG   PATHWAY: tsr04144
Entry
tsr04144                    Pathway                                
Name
Endocytosis - Thamnophis sirtalis (common garter snake)
Description
Endocytosis is a mechanism for cells to remove ligands, nutrients, and plasma membrane (PM) proteins, and lipids from the cell surface, bringing them into the cell interior. Transmembrane proteins entering through clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE) have sequences in their cytoplasmic domains that bind to the APs (adaptor-related protein complexes) and enable their rapid removal from the PM. In addition to APs and clathrin, there are numerous accessory proteins including dynamin. Depending on the various proteins that enter the endosome membrane, these cargoes are sorted to distinct destinations. Some cargoes, such as nutrient receptors, are recycled back to the PM. Ubiquitylated membrane proteins, such as activated growth-factor receptors, are sorted into intraluminal vesicles and eventually end up in the lysosome lumen via multivesicular endosomes (MVEs). There are distinct mechanisms of clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) depending upon the cargo and the cell type.
Class
Cellular Processes; Transport and catabolism
Pathway map
tsr04144  Endocytosis
tsr04144

Other DBs
GO: 0006897
Organism
Thamnophis sirtalis (common garter snake) [GN:tsr]
Gene
106555149  ADP-ribosylation factor 6 [KO:K07941]
106544990  ADP-ribosylation factor 6-like [KO:K07941]
106537995  PIP5K1B; phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 beta [KO:K00889] [EC:2.7.1.68]
106548377  PIP5K1A; phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 alpha [KO:K00889] [EC:2.7.1.68]
106553414  PIP5K1C; phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 gamma isoform X1 [KO:K00889] [EC:2.7.1.68]
106556594  PLD2; phospholipase D2 [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
106555508  phospholipase D1-like [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
106548779  phospholipase D1-like [KO:K01115] [EC:3.1.4.4]
106553075  DNM1; dynamin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01528] [EC:3.6.5.5]
106539642  DNM2; dynamin-2 [KO:K23484] [EC:3.6.5.5]
106556781  CLTA; clathrin light chain A isoform X1 [KO:K04644]
106548120  CLTB; clathrin light chain B [KO:K04645]
106537708  clathrin heavy chain 1 [KO:K04646]
106547466  clathrin heavy chain 1-like [KO:K04646]
106548290  AP2A1; AP-2 complex subunit alpha-1 [KO:K11824]
106542739  AP2A2; AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 [KO:K11824]
106544130  AP2B1; AP-2 complex subunit beta [KO:K11825]
106549610  AP2M1; AP-2 complex subunit mu isoform X1 [KO:K11826]
106543374  AP2S1; AP-2 complex subunit sigma [KO:K11827]
106538373  TGFBR1; TGF-beta receptor type-1 [KO:K04674] [EC:2.7.11.30]
106547952  TGFBR2; TGF-beta receptor type-2 [KO:K04388] [EC:2.7.11.30]
106543204  TGF-beta receptor type-2-like [KO:K04388] [EC:2.7.11.30]
106546518  zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 16-like isoform X1 [KO:K04679]
106555566  ZFYVE9; zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9 [KO:K04679]
106552979  PML; protein PML [KO:K10054] [EC:2.3.2.-]
106551732  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 [KO:K04500]
106547616  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 [KO:K23605]
106539158  EGFR; epidermal growth factor receptor [KO:K04361] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106554429  fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-like [KO:K05093] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106555648  fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-like [KO:K05094] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106540885  fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 [KO:K05095] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106555187  insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106545511  IGF1R; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
106548782  CBLB; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CBL-B isoform X1 [KO:K22517] [EC:2.3.2.27]
106539793  SH3KBP1; SH3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12470]
106547365  SH3GL2; endophilin-A1 [KO:K11247]
106543800  SH3GL3; endophilin-A3 [KO:K11247]
106547221  SH3GL1; endophilin-A2 [KO:K11247]
106548928  SH3GLB1; endophilin-B1 isoform X1 [KO:K11248]
106545110  SH3GLB2; endophilin-B2 [KO:K21269]
106550705  amphiphysin [KO:K12562]
106552363  BIN1; myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12562]
106545640  AMPH; amphiphysin [KO:K12562]
106550499  EPN3; epsin-3 isoform X1 [KO:K12471]
106555432  epsin-2-like [KO:K12471]
106556331  EPN1; epsin-1 [KO:K12471]
106546449  EPS15; epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15 [KO:K12472]
106552622  EPS15L1; epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like 1 [KO:K12472]
106550661  epidermal growth factor receptor substrate 15-like 1 [KO:K12472]
106545913  SPG20; spartin isoform X1 [KO:K19366]
106553260  E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-like [KO:K13305] [EC:2.3.2.26]
106538064  MDM2; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 isoform X1 [KO:K06643] [EC:2.3.2.27]
106556967  TRAF6; TNF receptor-associated factor 6 [KO:K03175] [EC:2.3.2.27]
106548349  RNF41; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NRDP1 isoform X1 [KO:K11981] [EC:2.3.2.27]
106538618  ITCH; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Itchy homolog [KO:K05632] [EC:2.3.2.26]
106552275  E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2-like [KO:K04678] [EC:2.3.2.26]
106549381  SMURF2; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2 [KO:K04678] [EC:2.3.2.26]
106555630  E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF1 [KO:K04678] [EC:2.3.2.26]
106551170  WWP1; NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP1 isoform X1 [KO:K05633] [EC:2.3.2.26]
106556718  LDLR; low-density lipoprotein receptor [KO:K12473]
106545907  low density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K12474]
106542942  low density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1-like [KO:K12474]
106538744  DAB2; disabled homolog 2 [KO:K12475]
106547889  C-C chemokine receptor type 5-like [KO:K04180]
106539054  CXCR4; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04189]
106541868  GRK7; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7 [KO:K00909] [EC:2.7.11.14]
106556848  ADRBK2; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
106547124  ADRBK1; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
106547508  G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5-like [KO:K08291] [EC:2.7.11.16]
106540873  GRK6; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 [KO:K08291] [EC:2.7.11.16]
106556221  ARRB2; beta-arrestin-2 [KO:K04439]
106554386  WASL; neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein [KO:K23612]
106547073  ACTR2; actin-related protein 2 [KO:K17260]
106556969  ACTR3B; actin-related protein 3B isoform X1 [KO:K18584]
106556793  ACTR3; actin-related protein 3 [KO:K18584]
106547585  actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A [KO:K05757]
106549202  ARPC2; actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 [KO:K05758]
106547108  ARPC3; actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 3 [KO:K05756]
106543107  ARPC4; actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 4 [KO:K05755]
106552924  actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 [KO:K05754]
106542637  WIPF1; WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 1 [KO:K19475]
106555262  WIPF2; WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 2 [KO:K19475]
106547451  WIPF3; WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 3 [KO:K19475]
106545120  heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283]
106557335  HSPA8; heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein [KO:K03283]
106540330  heat shock 70 kDa protein II-like [KO:K03283]
106540331  heat shock 70 kDa protein-like [KO:K03283]
106553049  DNAJC6; putative tyrosine-protein phosphatase auxilin [KO:K09526]
106543702  KIAA1033; WASH complex subunit 7 [KO:K18465]
106542981  CCDC53; WASH complex subunit CCDC53 isoform X1 [KO:K18463]
106548887  CAPZA1; F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 [KO:K10364]
106553641  CAPZA2; F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2 isoform X1 [KO:K10364]
106540721  F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K10364]
106548549  CAPZB; F-actin-capping protein subunit beta [KO:K10365]
106550658  vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 29 [KO:K18467]
106551322  VPS26A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 26A [KO:K18466]
106554990  VPS35; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 [KO:K18468]
106540271  SNX12; sorting nexin-12 [KO:K17918]
106545063  SNX3; sorting nexin-3 [KO:K17918]
106554468  STAMBP; STAM-binding protein [KO:K11866] [EC:3.4.19.12]
106543644  RAB9A; ras-related protein Rab-9A [KO:K07897]
106546754  RAB7A; ras-related protein Rab-7a [KO:K07897]
106544955  HGS; hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate isoform X1 [KO:K12182]
106550520  STAM2; signal transducing adapter molecule 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04705]
106543620  STAM; signal transducing adapter molecule 1 [KO:K04705]
106546350  TSG101; tumor susceptibility gene 101 protein isoform X1 [KO:K12183]
106549129  MVB12B; multivesicular body subunit 12B [KO:K12186]
106539960  MVB12A; multivesicular body subunit 12A [KO:K12186]
106540438  VPS28; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 28 homolog [KO:K12184]
106553197  VPS37C; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37C [KO:K12185]
106553734  VPS37B; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37B [KO:K12185]
106548990  VPS37A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37A isoform X1 [KO:K12185]
106543288  VPS37D; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37D [KO:K12185]
106555165  SNF8; vacuolar-sorting protein SNF8 [KO:K12188]
106538337  VPS36; vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 36 [KO:K12190]
106539245  VPS25; vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 25 [KO:K12189]
106545722  CHMP6; charged multivesicular body protein 6 [KO:K12195]
106555177  CHMP4A; charged multivesicular body protein 4a [KO:K12194]
106550366  CHMP4B; charged multivesicular body protein 4b [KO:K12194]
106547731  CHMP4C; charged multivesicular body protein 4c [KO:K24782]
106543052  CHMP3; charged multivesicular body protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12193]
106542184  CHMP2A; charged multivesicular body protein 2a [KO:K12191]
106537707  CHMP2B; charged multivesicular body protein 2b [KO:K12192]
106550615  CHMP7; charged multivesicular body protein 7 [KO:K15053]
106555902  VPS4A; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A [KO:K12196]
106542957  VPS4B; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4B [KO:K12196]
106542574  VTA1; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein VTA1 homolog [KO:K12199]
106538790  CHMP1A; charged multivesicular body protein 1a [KO:K12197]
106538868  CHMP5; charged multivesicular body protein 5 [KO:K12198]
106541816  IST1; IST1 homolog [KO:K19476]
106551002  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein-like [KO:K12200]
106541626  SPG21; maspardin [KO:K19367]
106548796  IGF2R; cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor [KO:K06564]
106540746  SNX2; sorting nexin-2 isoform X1 [KO:K17917]
106540783  sorting nexin-1 [KO:K17917]
106548920  SNX6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sorting nexin-6 [KO:K17920]
106551377  SRC; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src [KO:K05704] [EC:2.7.10.2]
106544570  HRAS; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
106555941  IL2RB; interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta [KO:K05069]
106552511  transforming protein RhoA-like isoform X1 [KO:K04513]
106539135  RHOA; transforming protein RhoA [KO:K04513]
106550851  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106541808  H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q10 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751]
106555327  patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-5 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751]
106546433  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106544458  class I histocompatibility antigen, F10 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751]
106546432  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106542452  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106545552  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106546495  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106549228  class I histocompatibility antigen, F10 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751]
106549729  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106552817  major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein-like [KO:K06751]
106545846  RTBDN; retbindin [KO:K13649]
106545387  riboflavin-binding protein-like [KO:K13649]
106557422  CAV1; caveolin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K06278]
106557421  CAV2; caveolin-2 [KO:K12958]
106554303  caveolin-3-like [KO:K12959]
106555476  EH domain-containing protein 3-like [KO:K12476]
106556570  EH domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K12476]
106552558  EH domain-containing protein 4 [KO:K12477]
106541144  EEA1; early endosome antigen 1 [KO:K12478]
106537670  RAB5A; ras-related protein Rab-5A [KO:K07887]
106539725  RAB5B; ras-related protein Rab-5B [KO:K07888]
106541156  RAB5C; ras-related protein Rab-5C [KO:K07889]
106544958  RABEP1; rab GTPase-binding effector protein 1 [KO:K12480]
106550688  RBSN; rabenosyn-5 [KO:K12481]
106543756  RAB4A; ras-related protein Rab-4A [KO:K07879]
106538643  RUFY1; RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12482]
106542772  RUFY2; RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K12482]
106554097  EH domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K12483]
106556459  VPS45; vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 45 [KO:K12479]
106543198  SNX4; sorting nexin-4 [KO:K17919]
106548296  RAB31; ras-related protein Rab-31 [KO:K07891]
106537578  ras-related protein Rab-31-like [KO:K07891]
106557021  RAB22A; ras-related protein Rab-22A isoform X1 [KO:K07891]
106541759  RAB10; ras-related protein Rab-10 [KO:K07903]
106556490  ras-related protein Rab-10-like [KO:K07903]
106554669  RAB8A; ras-related protein Rab-8A [KO:K07901]
106543307  RAB35; ras-related protein Rab-35 [KO:K07876]
106537834  ras-related protein Rab-11A [KO:K07904]
106555692  RAB11B; ras-related protein Rab-11B [KO:K07905]
106547503  RAB11FIP1; rab11 family-interacting protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12484]
106551436  RAB11FIP5; rab11 family-interacting protein 5 [KO:K12484]
106546182  RAB11FIP2; rab11 family-interacting protein 2 [KO:K12484]
106549037  ZFYVE27; protrudin isoform X1 [KO:K19368]
106537571  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain [KO:K10396]
106546014  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5C [KO:K10396]
106555221  kinesin-1 heavy chain-like [KO:K10396]
106548251  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A [KO:K10396]
106540296  RAB11FIP3; rab11 family-interacting protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12485]
106557136  RAB11FIP4; rab11 family-interacting protein 4 [KO:K12485]
106544000  PARD3; partitioning defective 3 homolog [KO:K04237]
106543835  PARD6B; partitioning defective 6 homolog beta [KO:K06093]
106553924  PARD6G; partitioning defective 6 homolog gamma [KO:K06093]
106556574  partitioning defective 6 homolog alpha-like [KO:K06093]
106550150  protein kinase C zeta type-like [KO:K18952] [EC:2.7.11.13]
106547252  protein kinase C zeta type [KO:K18952] [EC:2.7.11.13]
106541376  PRKCI; protein kinase C iota type [KO:K06069] [EC:2.7.11.13]
106554373  cell division control protein 42 homolog [KO:K04393]
106544501  SMAP2; stromal membrane-associated protein 2 [KO:K12486]
106547577  stromal membrane-associated protein 1-like [KO:K12486]
106544024  stromal membrane-associated protein 1-like [KO:K12486]
106556836  GIT2; ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2 isoform X1 [KO:K12487]
106552681  arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K12488]
106540996  arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K12488]
106549064  arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K12488]
106546982  arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K12489]
106541054  ACAP3; arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K12489]
106551587  ACAP2; arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 [KO:K12489]
106554794  ARAP1; arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 [KO:K18439]
106547848  arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3-like [KO:K12490]
106550753  AGAP3; arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 [KO:K12491]
106556597  ARFGAP1; ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 1 [KO:K12492]
106552394  ARFGAP2; ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K12493]
106542721  ARFGAP3; ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12493]
106556860  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 4-like [KO:K12494]
106540043  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 3-like isoform X1 [KO:K12494]
106550175  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K12494]
106542128  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1-like [KO:K12494]
106546742  PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 2-like [KO:K12494]
106542293  IQSEC1; IQ motif and SEC7 domain-containing protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K12495]
106553268  IQ motif and SEC7 domain-containing protein 2-like [KO:K12495]
106554336  CYTH3; cytohesin-3 isoform X1 [KO:K18441]
106556016  cytohesin-4-like [KO:K18441]
106543732  CYTH1; cytohesin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K18441]
106540776  cytohesin-4-like [KO:K18441]
106538398  CYTH2; cytohesin-2 [KO:K18441]
106540504  ARFGEF1; brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K18442]
106539556  ARFGEF2; brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 2 [KO:K18442]
106537514  GBF1; Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 [KO:K18443]
106541089  ADP-ribosylation factor 1 [KO:K07937]
106545447  ADP-ribosylation factor-like [KO:K07937]
106538481  ARF1; ADP-ribosylation factor 1 [KO:K07937]
106549322  ARF3; ADP-ribosylation factor 3 [KO:K07938]
106541671  ARF4; ADP-ribosylation factor 4 [KO:K07939]
Compound
C00035  GDP
C00044  GTP
C04549  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate
C04637  1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C11556  1-Phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate
Reference
PMID:19007773
  Authors
Acconcia F, Sigismund S, Polo S
  Title
Ubiquitin in trafficking: the network at work.
  Journal
Exp Cell Res 315:1610-8 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.014
Reference
PMID:18647649
  Authors
Donaldson JG, Porat-Shliom N, Cohen LA
  Title
Clathrin-independent endocytosis: a unique platform for cell signaling and PM remodeling.
  Journal
Cell Signal 21:1-6 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.06.020
Reference
PMID:15261671
  Authors
Sorkin A
  Title
Cargo recognition during clathrin-mediated endocytosis: a team effort.
  Journal
Curr Opin Cell Biol 16:392-9 (2004)
DOI:10.1016/j.ceb.2004.06.001
Reference
PMID:19325624
  Authors
Raiborg C, Stenmark H
  Title
The ESCRT machinery in endosomal sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins.
  Journal
Nature 458:445-52 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nature07961
Reference
PMID:20110990
  Authors
Scita G, Di Fiore PP
  Title
The endocytic matrix.
  Journal
Nature 463:464-73 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/nature08910
Reference
PMID:15687999
  Authors
Le Roy C, Wrana JL
  Title
Clathrin- and non-clathrin-mediated endocytic regulation of cell signalling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:112-26 (2005)
DOI:10.1038/nrm1571
Reference
PMID:19924646
  Authors
Jovic M, Sharma M, Rahajeng J, Caplan S
  Title
The early endosome: a busy sorting station for proteins at the crossroads.
  Journal
Histol Histopathol 25:99-112 (2010)
DOI:10.14670/HH-25.99
Reference
PMID:16203612
  Authors
Pietiainen VM, Marjomaki V, Heino J, Hyypia T
  Title
Viral entry, lipid rafts and caveosomes.
  Journal
Ann Med 37:394-403 (2005)
DOI:10.1080/07853890510011976
Reference
PMID:19696797
  Authors
Grant BD, Donaldson JG
  Title
Pathways and mechanisms of endocytic recycling.
  Journal
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:597-608 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrm2755
Reference
PMID:22193161
  Authors
Cullen PJ, Korswagen HC
  Title
Sorting nexins provide diversity for retromer-dependent trafficking events.
  Journal
Nat Cell Biol 14:29-37 (2012)
DOI:10.1038/ncb2374
Related
pathway
tsr04060  Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction
tsr04070  Phosphatidylinositol signaling system
tsr04130  SNARE interactions in vesicular transport
tsr04142  Lysosome
tsr04350  TGF-beta signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04144   
LinkDB

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