KEGG   PATHWAY: dle04740
Entry
dle04740                    Pathway                                
Name
Olfactory transduction - Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale)
Description
Within the compact cilia of the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) a cascade of enzymatic activity transduces the binding of an odorant molecule to a receptor into an electrical signal that can be transmitted to the brain. Odorant molecules bind to a receptor protein (R) coupled to an olfactory specific Gs-protein (G) and activate a type III adenylyl cyclase (AC), increasing intracellular cAMP levels. cAMP targets an olfactory-specific cyclic-nucleotide gated ion channel (CNG), allowing cations, particularly Na and Ca, to flow down their electrochemical gradients into the cell, depolarizing the ORN. Furthermore, the Ca entering the cell is able to activate a Ca-activated Cl channel, which would allow Cl to flow out of the cell, thus further increasing the depolarization. Elevated intracellular Ca causes adaptation by at least two different molecular steps: inhibition of the activity of adenylyl cyclase via CAMKII-dependent phosphorylation and down-regulation of the affinity of the CNG channel to cAMP.
Class
Organismal Systems; Sensory system
Pathway map
dle04740  Olfactory transduction
dle04740

Other DBs
GO: 0007608
Organism
Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) [GN:dle]
Gene
111162697  GRK3; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
111162870  GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04633]
111163754  [KO:K04257]
111164194  [KO:K04257]
111165361  CNGB1; cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-1 [KO:K04952]
111165550  [KO:K04257]
111166141  [KO:K04257]
111166558  [KO:K04257]
111166559  [KO:K04257]
111166560  [KO:K04257]
111166562  [KO:K04257]
111166571  [KO:K04257]
111166674  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
111166698  [KO:K04257]
111166738  [KO:K04257]
111166740  [KO:K04257]
111167015  [KO:K04257]
111167016  [KO:K04257]
111167018  [KO:K04257]
111167020  [KO:K04257]
111167137  [KO:K04257]
111167138  [KO:K04257]
111167146  [KO:K04257]
111167154  [KO:K04257]
111167162  [KO:K04257]
111167440  [KO:K04257]
111167441  [KO:K04257]
111167455  [KO:K04257]
111167460  [KO:K04257]
111167461  [KO:K04257]
111167462  [KO:K04257]
111167469  [KO:K04257]
111167475  [KO:K04257]
111167839  CNGA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cyclic nucleotide-gated olfactory channel [KO:K04949]
111168488  [KO:K04257]
111169148  [KO:K04257]
111169185  [KO:K04257]
111169186  [KO:K04257]
111169187  [KO:K04257]
111169189  [KO:K04257]
111169190  [KO:K04257]
111169192  [KO:K04257]
111169194  [KO:K04257]
111169195  [KO:K04257]
111169196  [KO:K04257]
111169198  [KO:K04257]
111169202  [KO:K04257]
111169203  [KO:K04257]
111169204  [KO:K04257]
111169206  [KO:K04257]
111169211  [KO:K04257]
111169212  [KO:K04257]
111169220  CNGA4; cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-4 [KO:K04951]
111169222  [KO:K04257]
111169223  [KO:K04257]
111169227  [KO:K04257]
111169229  [KO:K04257]
111169278  [KO:K04257]
111169292  [KO:K04257]
111169615  [KO:K04257]
111169616  [KO:K04257]
111169617  [KO:K04257]
111169618  [KO:K04257]
111170127  [KO:K02183]
111170560  [KO:K04257]
111170561  [KO:K04257]
111170562  [KO:K04257]
111170737  [KO:K04257]
111170918  GNG7; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-7 [KO:K04543]
111171001  [KO:K04257]
111171112  [KO:K04257]
111171226  [KO:K04257]
111171241  [KO:K04257]
111171259  [KO:K04257]
111171631  PDE1A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A isoform X1 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
111172118  [KO:K04257]
111172156  [KO:K04257]
111172539  PRKG1; cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K07376] [EC:2.7.11.12]
111173015  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 [KO:K05849]
111173668  [KO:K04257]
111173728  [KO:K04257]
111173729  [KO:K04257]
111173913  PDE1B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B isoform X1 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
111174057  [KO:K04257]
111174794  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
111174804  [KO:K04257]
111174840  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
111175000  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
111175408  [KO:K04257]
111175830  [KO:K04257]
111176019  [KO:K04257]
111176033  [KO:K04257]
111176040  [KO:K04257]
111176147  SLC24A4; sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 isoform X1 [KO:K13752]
111176162  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
111176650  ANO2; anoctamin-2 [KO:K19497]
111176925  [KO:K04257]
111177246  [KO:K04257]
111177247  [KO:K04257]
111177457  RGS2; regulator of G-protein signaling 2 [KO:K18154]
111177758  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K02183]
111178380  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
111179868  [KO:K04257]
111179909  [KO:K04257]
111179910  PDE1C; calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C isoform X1 [KO:K13755] [EC:3.1.4.17]
111180370  NCALD; neurocalcin-delta [KO:K19695]
111180491  [KO:K04257]
111180492  [KO:K04257]
111180685  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 [KO:K05849]
111180711  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
111181585  [KO:K04257]
111181831  [KO:K04257]
111181935  [KO:K04257]
111182682  [KO:K04257]
111182688  [KO:K04257]
111183091  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
111183530  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
111183685  GRK2; beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K00910] [EC:2.7.11.15]
111183915  [KO:K04257]
111184053  [KO:K04257]
111184058  [KO:K04257]
111184061  [KO:K04257]
111184062  [KO:K04257]
111184067  [KO:K04257]
111184068  [KO:K04257]
111184100  [KO:K04257]
111184101  [KO:K04257]
111184104  [KO:K04257]
111184109  [KO:K04257]
111184121  [KO:K04257]
111184516  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
111184825  PDE2A; cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase isoform X1 [KO:K18283] [EC:3.1.4.17]
111184868  ARRB1; beta-arrestin-1 isoform X4 [KO:K04439]
111185128  GNG13; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-13 [KO:K04547]
111185236  [KO:K04257]
111185889  GUCY2D; retinal guanylyl cyclase 1 [KO:K12321] [EC:4.6.1.2]
111185955  ARRB2; beta-arrestin-2 isoform X2 [KO:K04439]
111186068  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
111187055  GNB1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1 [KO:K04536]
111187200  CALML6; calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
111187437  CNGA3; cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K04950]
111187663  PRKG2; cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K19477] [EC:2.7.11.12]
111187958  [KO:K04257]
111188009  [KO:K04257]
111188010  [KO:K04257]
111188014  [KO:K04257]
111188023  [KO:K04257]
111188024  [KO:K04257]
115801482  [KO:K04257]
115802263  [KO:K04257]
115803517  [KO:K04257]
Compound
C00020  AMP
C00076  Calcium cation
C00144  GMP
C00238  Potassium cation
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00698  Cl-
C00942  3',5'-Cyclic GMP
C01330  Sodium cation
Reference
PMID:20145624
  Authors
Kaupp UB
  Title
Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences and commonalities.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 11:188-200 (2010)
DOI:10.1038/nrn2789
Reference
PMID:24733839
  Authors
Peterlin Z, Firestein S, Rogers ME
  Title
The state of the art of odorant receptor deorphanization: a report from the orphanage.
  Journal
J Gen Physiol 143:527-42 (2014)
DOI:10.1085/jgp.201311151
Reference
PMID:19652915
  Authors
Kato A, Touhara K
  Title
Mammalian olfactory receptors: pharmacology, G protein coupling and desensitization.
  Journal
Cell Mol Life Sci 66:3743-53 (2009)
DOI:10.1007/s00018-009-0111-6
Reference
PMID:11557990
  Authors
Firestein S.
  Title
How the olfactory system makes sense of scents.
  Journal
Nature 413:211-8 (2001)
DOI:10.1038/35093026
Reference
PMID:16269360
  Authors
Ache BW, Young JM.
  Title
Olfaction: diverse species, conserved principles.
  Journal
Neuron 48:417-30 (2005)
DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.022
Reference
PMID:10944513
  Authors
Zufall F, Leinders-Zufall T.
  Title
The cellular and molecular basis of odor adaptation.
  Journal
Chem Senses 25:473-81 (2000)
DOI:10.1093/chemse/25.4.473
Reference
PMID:22875451
  Authors
Lodovichi C, Belluscio L
  Title
Odorant receptors in the formation of the olfactory bulb circuitry.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 27:200-12 (2012)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00015.2012
Reference
PMID:12488531
  Authors
Kohout TA, Lefkowitz RJ.
  Title
Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins during receptor desensitization.
  Journal
Mol Pharmacol 63:9-18 (2003)
DOI:10.1124/mol.63.1.9
Reference
PMID:22735517
  Authors
De Palo G, Boccaccio A, Miri A, Menini A, Altafini C
  Title
A dynamical feedback model for adaptation in the olfactory transduction pathway.
  Journal
Biophys J 102:2677-86 (2012)
DOI:10.1016/j.bpj.2012.04.040
Reference
PMID:19941039
  Authors
Zufall F, Munger SD
  Title
Receptor guanylyl cyclases in mammalian olfactory function.
  Journal
Mol Cell Biochem 334:191-7 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s11010-009-0325-9
Reference
PMID:19306880
  Authors
Duda T, Sharma RK
  Title
Ca2+-modulated ONE-GC odorant signal transduction.
  Journal
FEBS Lett 583:1327-30 (2009)
DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2009.03.036
Related
pathway
dle00230  Purine metabolism
dle04024  cAMP signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04740   

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