Entry Name Renin-angiotensin system
Description The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a peptidergic system with endocrine characteristics regarding to the regulation of the blood pressure and hydro-electrolytic balance. In the classical RAS, the enzyme renin cleaves its substrate angiotensinogen (Agt) forming the decapeptide angiotensin I that is in turn cleaved by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to produce the angiotensin II (Ang II), a key player of this system. Ang II activates its AT1 receptor (AT1R), the principal receptor that mediates the majority of the known actions of Ang II in the kidney, including vasoconstriction, renal sodium (Na+) reabsorption, and aldosterone secretion, increasing blood pressure and contributing to the development of hypertension. In addition to (ACE)/Ang II/AT1R and AT2R axis, other signaling pathways in the RAS, such as ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas and Ang IV/IRAP, and other active peptide of the RAS, with physiological relevance as Ang III, Ang A and alamandine, are now widely recognized.
Class Organismal Systems; Endocrine systemBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map Other DBs Orthology K04166 AGTR1; angiotensin II receptor type 1
K04167 AGTR2; angiotensin II receptor type 2
K04303 MAS1; proto-oncogene Mas
K08392 MRGPRD; Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D
K09821 AGT, SERPINA8; angiotensinogen
K19514 ATP6AP2, PRR; renin receptor
Compound Reference Authors Kramkowski K, Mogielnicki A, Buczko W.
Title The physiological significance of the alternative pathways of angiotensin II production.
Journal J Physiol Pharmacol 57:529-39 (2006)
Reference Authors Danilczyk U, Eriksson U, Oudit GY, Penninger JM.
Title Physiological roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.
Journal Reference Authors Warner FJ, Smith AI, Hooper NM, Turner AJ.
Title Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2: a molecular and cellular perspective.
Journal Reference Authors Kurdi M, De Mello WC, Booz GW.
Title Working outside the system: an update on the unconventional behavior of the renin-angiotensin system components.
Journal Reference Authors Burrell LM, Johnston CI, Tikellis C, Cooper ME.
Title ACE2, a new regulator of the renin-angiotensin system.
Journal Reference Authors von Bohlen und Halbach O, Albrecht D.
Title The CNS renin-angiotensin system.
Journal Reference Authors Schmaier AH
Title The kallikrein-kinin and the renin-angiotensin systems have a multilayered interaction.
Journal Reference Authors Eriksson U, Danilczyk U, Penninger JM.
Title Just the beginning: novel functions for angiotensin-converting enzymes.
Journal Reference Authors Dielis AW, Smid M, Spronk HM, Hamulyak K, Kroon AA, ten Cate H, de Leeuw PW.
Title The prothrombotic paradox of hypertension: role of the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems.
Journal Reference Authors Kuba K, Imai Y, Penninger JM.
Title Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in lung diseases.
Journal Reference Authors Erdos EG, Jackman HL, Brovkovych V, Tan F, Deddish PA.
Title Products of angiotensin I hydrolysis by human cardiac enzymes potentiate bradykinin.
Journal Reference Authors Shrimpton CN, Smith AI, Lew RA.
Title Soluble metalloendopeptidases and neuroendocrine signaling.
Journal Reference Authors Jackman HL, Massad MG, Sekosan M, Tan F, Brovkovych V, Marcic BM, Erdos EG.
Title Angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7 release in human heart: role of cathepsin A.
Journal Reference Authors Lundequist A, Tchougounova E, Abrink M, Pejler G.
Title Cooperation between mast cell carboxypeptidase A and the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 in the formation and degradation of angiotensin II.
Journal Reference Authors Kehoe PG, Wilcock GK.
Title Is inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system a new treatment option for Alzheimer's disease?
Journal Reference Authors Ferrao FM, Lara LS, Lowe J
Title Renin-angiotensin system in the kidney: What is new?
Journal Reference Authors Zhuo JL, Ferrao FM, Zheng Y, Li XC
Title New frontiers in the intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin system: a critical review of classical and new paradigms.
Journal Reference Authors Unger T, Paulis L, Sica DA
Title Therapeutic perspectives in hypertension: novel means for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulation and emerging device-based approaches.
Journal Reference Authors Fyhrquist F, Saijonmaa O
Title Renin-angiotensin system revisited.
Journal Reference Authors Yugandhar VG, Clark MA
Title Angiotensin III: a physiological relevant peptide of the renin angiotensin system.
Journal Reference Authors Etelvino GM, Peluso AA, Santos RA
Title New components of the renin-angiotensin system: alamandine and the MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor D.
Journal Related ko04270 Vascular smooth muscle contraction
ko04610 Complement and coagulation cascades
ko04925 Aldosterone synthesis and secretion
