KEGG   PATHWAY: pvp04974
Entry
pvp04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
pvp04974  Protein digestion and absorption
pvp04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Pteropus vampyrus (large flying fox) [GN:pvp]
Gene
105297770  pepsin A [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
105297972  pepsin F-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
105304122  anionic trypsin-like [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
105305376  chymotrypsinogen 2-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
105311637  chymotrypsinogen B-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
105305739  CTRL; chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
105294413  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
105290660  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
105290206  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
105290240  CPA2; carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
105294989  CPA3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
105294947  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
105298906  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
105301312  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 [KO:K12040]
105294172  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
105307345  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
105297909  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
105300714  ATP1A4; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
105300716  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
105304250  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
105308975  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
105290354  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
105291225  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
105297371  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04945]
105288553  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
105303632  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
105299523  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
105305996  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 [KO:K05006]
105297492  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
105305828  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
105288518  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
105293718  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
105294000  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
105300767  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
105291033  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
105308306  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
105303180  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
105297393  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
105304212  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 [KO:K05849]
105307907  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
105292942  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X4 [KO:K05849]
105301318  SLC6A19; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
105297822  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
105300536  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
105299466  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K14209]
105299467  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
105299470  SLC36A1; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
105294201  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
105295228  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
105292976  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
105299898  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
105300515  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13867]
105299673  ELN; elastin [KO:K14211]
105294361  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain [KO:K06236]
105295430  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain [KO:K06236]
105297573  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain [KO:K19719]
105289568  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
105294766  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
105296151  COL4A6; collagen alpha-6(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
105301331  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
105294764  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
105301330  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
105296119  collagen alpha-5(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
105305580  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain [KO:K19721]
105289545  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
105297504  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain [KO:K19721]
105289150  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
105292685  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
105300974  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
105302945  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain [KO:K19721]
105288504  collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
105288515  collagen alpha-4(VI) chain-like [KO:K06238]
105305972  collagen alpha-1(VI) chain-like [KO:K06238]
105308836  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
105308677  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
105302412  COL7A1; collagen alpha-1(VII) chain [KO:K16628]
105288348  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K23455]
105290631  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K23455]
105304051  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
105292803  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
105301451  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
105295213  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
105307896  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain [KO:K08132]
105300134  COL13A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain [KO:K16617]
105292567  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain [KO:K08133]
105296289  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain [KO:K08135]
105290560  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain isoform X5 [KO:K24339]
105294551  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain [KO:K07603]
105305970  COL18A1; collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain [KO:K06823]
105292820  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
105301458  COL20A1; collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
105302074  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain [KO:K16629]
105300959  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain [KO:K16630]
105293490  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain isoform X5 [KO:K24355]
111740707  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain [KO:K24356]
105299712  COL26A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain [KO:K24358]
105295101  COL28A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
pvp00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
pvp04530  Tight junction
pvp04971  Gastric acid secretion
pvp04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   
LinkDB

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