Entry |
|
Name |
Tetracycline biosynthesis |
Description |
Tetracyclines are aromatic polyketide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species via type II polyketide synthases (PKSs). Tetracyclines contain a linear tetracyclic skeleton, which is formed from a malonamate starter unit and malonyl-CoA extender units through a common polyketide pathway [MD: M00778]. This diagram shows biosynthesis of naturally occurring tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline) via a common intermediate anhydrotetracycline [MD: M00780 M00823].
|
Class |
Metabolism; Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides
|
Pathway map |

|
Module |
M00778 | Type II polyketide backbone biosynthesis, acyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => polyketide [PATH:rn00253] |
M00780 | Tetracycline/oxytetracycline biosynthesis, pretetramide => tetracycline/oxytetracycline [PATH:rn00253] |
M00823 | Chlortetracycline biosynthesis, pretetramide => chlortetracycline [PATH:rn00253] |
|
Drug |
D00201 | Tetracycline (JAN/USP/INN) |
D07689 | Chlortetracycline (INN) |
|
Other DBs |
|
Reaction |
R04060 | anhydrotetracycline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating) |
R05459 | tetracycline:coenzyme-F420 oxidoreductase |
R05462 | 4-hydroxy-6-methylpretetramide,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (12a-hydroxylating) |
R05463 | 6-methylpretetramide,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4-hydroxylating) |
R09189 | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:pretetramid C-methyltransferase |
R09190 | 6-methylpretetramide,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (4,12a-hydroxylating) |
R09191 | S-adenosyl-L-methionine:4-amino-anhydrotetracycline N-methyltransferase |
R09192 | oxytetracycline:coenzyme-F420 oxidoreductase |
R09198 | 5a,11a-dehydrotetracycline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) |
R11449 | tetracycline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (11a-hydroxylating) |
R11478 | tetracycline:FADH2 oxidoreductase (7-halogenating) |
R11515 | malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein]:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming) |
R11516 | malonyl-CoA:malonamoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] malonyltransferase |
R11525 | oxytetracycline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (11a-hydroxylating) |
R11526 | chlortetracycline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (11a-hydroxylating) |
|
Compound |
C01209 | Malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] |
C03206 | 5a,11a-Dehydrotetracycline |
C06627 | 4-Keto-anhydrotetracycline |
C06628 | 4-Hydroxy-6-methylpretetramide |
C06654 | 4-Amino-anhydrotetracycline |
C12441 | 18-Carbamoyl-3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octaoxooctadecanoyl-[acp] |
C12442 | C-9 Reduced nonaketamide |
C18293 | Nonaketamide monocyclic intermediate |
C18294 | Nonaketamide tricyclic intermediate |
C18296 | 5a,11a-Dehydrooxytetracycline |
C21391 | 11a-Hydroxytetracycline |
C21430 | Malonamoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] |
C21438 | 11a-Hydroxyoxytetracycline |
C21439 | 11a-Hydroxy-7-chlortetracycline |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Petkovic H, Cullum J, Hranueli D, Hunter IS, Peric-Concha N, Pigac J, Thamchaipenet A, Vujaklija D, Long PF |
Title |
Genetics of Streptomyces rimosus, the oxytetracycline producer. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Pickens LB, Tang Y |
Title |
Oxytetracycline biosynthesis. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Zhang W, Ames BD, Tsai SC, Tang Y |
Title |
Engineered biosynthesis of a novel amidated polyketide, using the malonamyl-specific initiation module from the oxytetracycline polyketide synthase. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Dewick PM. |
Title |
Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Second Edition |
Journal |
John Wiley and Sons (2001) |
Reference |
|
Authors |
Miller PA, Hash JH |
Title |
S-adenosylmethionine:dedimethylamino-4-aminoanhydrotetracycline N-methyltransferase. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Miller PA, Hash JH |
Title |
ADP; tetracyclin 5a(11a)dehydrogenase. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Wang P, Zhang W, Zhan J, Tang Y |
Title |
Identification of OxyE as an ancillary oxygenase during tetracycline biosynthesis. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Zhang W, Watanabe K, Cai X, Jung ME, Tang Y, Zhan J |
Title |
Identifying the minimal enzymes required for anhydrotetracycline biosynthesis. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Petkovic H, Thamchaipenet A, Zhou LH, Hranueli D, Raspor P, Waterman PG, Hunter IS |
Title |
Disruption of an aromatase/cyclase from the oxytetracycline gene cluster of Streptomyces rimosus results in production of novel polyketides with shorter chain lengths. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Peric-Concha N, Borovicka B, Long PF, Hranueli D, Waterman PG, Hunter IS |
Title |
Ablation of the otcC gene encoding a post-polyketide hydroxylase from the oxytetracyline biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces rimosus results in novel polyketides with altered chain length. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Zhang W, Watanabe K, Wang CC, Tang Y |
Title |
Investigation of early tailoring reactions in the oxytetracycline biosynthetic pathway. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Kim ES, Bibb MJ, Butler MJ, Hopwood DA, Sherman DH. |
Title |
Sequences of the oxytetracycline polyketide synthase-encoding otc genes from Streptomyces rimosus. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Dairi T, Nakano T, Aisaka K, Katsumata R, Hasegawa M. |
Title |
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene responsible for chlorination of tetracycline. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Wang P, Bashiri G, Gao X, Sawaya MR, Tang Y |
Title |
Uncovering the enzymes that catalyze the final steps in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Zhu T, Cheng X, Liu Y, Deng Z, You D |
Title |
Deciphering and engineering of the final step halogenase for improved chlortetracycline biosynthesis in industrial Streptomyces aureofaciens. |
Journal |
|
Reference |
|
Authors |
Yang W, Moore IF, Koteva KP, Bareich DC, Hughes DW, Wright GD |
Title |
TetX is a flavin-dependent monooxygenase conferring resistance to tetracycline antibiotics. |
Journal |
|
Related pathway |
rn01056 | Biosynthesis of type II polyketide backbone |
|
KO pathway |
|