Entry
Name
Lipid and atherosclerosis - Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo)
Description
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease marked by a narrowing of the arteries from lipid-rich plaques present within the walls of arterial blood vessels. It represents the root cause of the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their complications, including conditions such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and stroke. An elevated level of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol constitutes a major risk factor for genesis of atherosclerosis. LDL can accumulate within the blood vessel wall and undergo modification by oxidation. Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) leads to endothelial dysfunction leading to expression of adhesion molecules and recruitment of monocyte in subendothelial space. The monocytes proliferate, differentiate into macrophages, and take up the lipoproteins, forming cholesterol-engorged "foam cells." With the time, the foam cells die, leaving a 'necrotic core' of crystalline cholesterol and cell debris. Smooth muscle cells proliferate and migrate into the region, laying down a protective cap over the lesion. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), which mediates the recognition and internalization of oxLDL, is involved in all of these events critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Class
Human Diseases; Cardiovascular disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo) [GN:
dnm ]
Gene
101444276 PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101443761 PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101426945 PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922 ] [EC:2.7.1.153 ]
101423744 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma [KO:K02649 ]
101435351 PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K02649 ]
101433347 PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649 ]
101422998 POU2F3; POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09364 ]
101440382 CD40; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 [KO:K03160 ]
101438376 AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor [KO:K19722 ]
101421086 RAC1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 [KO:K04392 ]
101444225 STAT3; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04692 ]
101421534 CDC42; cell division control protein 42 homolog isoform X1 [KO:K04393 ]
101437556 NFKB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit [KO:K02580 ]
101413233 FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 isoform X1 [KO:K04390 ]
101419052 HSPA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: heat shock-related 70 kDa protein 2 [KO:K26598 ]
101445854 TIRAP; toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein [KO:K05403 ]
101431630 MYD88; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 [KO:K04729 ]
101412966 TAB1; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04403 ]
101447376 TAB2; TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04404 ]
101412730 NFKBIA; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha [KO:K04734 ]
101429222 TANK; TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator [KO:K12650 ]
101418117 PPARG; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform X1 [KO:K08530 ]
101414688 RXRB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta [KO:K08525 ]
101446965 VAV2; guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2 isoform X1 [KO:K05730 ]
101425226 IL12A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: interleukin-12 subunit alpha [KO:K05406 ]
101435494 NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 [KO:K12800 ]
101411485 ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha [KO:K09054 ]
101442429 CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101445683 CAMK2B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101438745 CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X4 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
101421250 EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237 ]
101410933 ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
101420654 NFE2L2; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05638 ]
101413966 PYCARD; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD [KO:K12799 ]
101422102 VLDLR; very low-density lipoprotein receptor isoform X1 [KO:K20053 ]
101427882 NFATC1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K04446 ]
101417008 NFATC2; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 isoform X1 [KO:K17332 ]
101424450 NFATC3; nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform X2 [KO:K17333 ]
101420315 PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101419878 PLCB4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101413654 PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101427179 PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
101435854 PPP3CB; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101420075 PPP3CC; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit gamma isoform [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101427629 PPP3CA; serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K04348 ] [EC:3.1.3.16 ]
101435481 TNFSF10; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04721 ]
101438083 TNFRSF10B; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B isoform X1 [KO:K04722 ]
101431862 TNFRSF1A; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A [KO:K03158 ]
101417353 FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389 ]
101432735 APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K02084 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05981 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C21011 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine
C21012 [Protein]-N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine
Reference
Authors
Hopkins PN
Title
Molecular biology of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Weber C, Noels H
Title
Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tabas I, Garcia-Cardena G, Owens GK
Title
Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L
Title
Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kattoor AJ, Goel A, Mehta JL
Title
LOX-1: Regulation, Signaling and Its Role in Atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mehta JL, Li D
Title
Identification, regulation and function of a novel lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Li D, Mehta JL
Title
Intracellular signaling of LOX-1 in endothelial cell apoptosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lubrano V, Balzan S
Title
LOX-1 and ROS, inseparable factors in the process of endothelial damage.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Xu S, Ogura S, Chen J, Little PJ, Moss J, Liu P
Title
LOX-1 in atherosclerosis: biological functions and pharmacological modifiers.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mitra S, Goyal T, Mehta JL
Title
Oxidized LDL, LOX-1 and atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lu J, Mitra S, Wang X, Khaidakov M, Mehta JL
Title
Oxidative stress and lectin-like ox-LDL-receptor LOX-1 in atherogenesis and tumorigenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ou HC, Song TY, Yeh YC, Huang CY, Yang SF, Chiu TH, Tsai KL, Chen KL, Wu YJ, Tsai CS, Chang LY, Kuo WW, Lee SD
Title
EGCG protects against oxidized LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting LOX-1-mediated signaling.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chen XP, Zhang TT, Du GH
Title
Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, a new promising target for the therapy of atherosclerosis?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Mattaliano MD, Wooters J, Shih HH, Paulsen JE
Title
ROCK2 associates with lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 and mediates oxidized LDL-induced IL-8 production.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Salvador B, Arranz A, Francisco S, Cordoba L, Punzon C, Llamas MA, Fresno M
Title
Modulation of endothelial function by Toll like receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moore KJ, Sheedy FJ, Fisher EA
Title
Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Butoi E, Gan AM, Manduteanu I
Title
Molecular and functional interactions among monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells and their relevance for atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sheedy FJ, Moore KJ
Title
IL-1 signaling in atherosclerosis: sibling rivalry.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Moore KJ, Tabas I
Title
Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Gui T, Shimokado A, Sun Y, Akasaka T, Muragaki Y
Title
Diverse roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis: from inflammatory biology to biomarker discovery.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Collot-Teixeira S, Martin J, McDermott-Roe C, Poston R, McGregor JL
Title
CD36 and macrophages in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park YM, Febbraio M, Silverstein RL
Title
CD36 modulates migration of mouse and human macrophages in response to oxidized LDL and may contribute to macrophage trapping in the arterial intima.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park YM
Title
CD36, a scavenger receptor implicated in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Seimon TA, Nadolski MJ, Liao X, Magallon J, Nguyen M, Feric NT, Koschinsky ML, Harkewicz R, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S, Golenbock D, Moore KJ, Tabas I
Title
Atherogenic lipids and lipoproteins trigger CD36-TLR2-dependent apoptosis in macrophages undergoing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nimgulkar C, Ghosh S, Sankar AB, Uday KP, Surekha MV, Madhusudhanachary P, Annapurna BR, Raghu P, Bharatraj DK
Title
Combination of spices and herbal extract restores macrophage foam cell migration and abrogates the athero-inflammatory signalling cascade of atherogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Canton J, Neculai D, Grinstein S
Title
Scavenger receptors in homeostasis and immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Erridge C
Title
The roles of Toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Seneviratne AN, Sivagurunathan B, Monaco C
Title
Toll-like receptors and macrophage activation in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Miller YI, Choi SH, Wiesner P, Fang L, Harkewicz R, Hartvigsen K, Boullier A, Gonen A, Diehl CJ, Que X, Montano E, Shaw PX, Tsimikas S, Binder CJ, Witztum JL
Title
Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Tabas I
Title
The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the progression of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grootaert MOJ, Moulis M, Roth L, Martinet W, Vindis C, Bennett MR, De Meyer GRY
Title
Vascular smooth muscle cell death, autophagy and senescence in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lipskaia L, Pourci ML, Delomenie C, Combettes L, Goudouneche D, Paul JL, Capiod T, Lompre AM
Title
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and calcium-activated transcription pathways are required for VLDL-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cervantes Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H
Title
CVD and Oxidative Stress.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hansson GK, Hermansson A
Title
The immune system in atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S
Title
Molecular genetics of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lusis AJ, Fogelman AM, Fonarow GC
Title
Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: part I: new genes and pathways.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lusis AJ, Mar R, Pajukanta P
Title
Genetics of atherosclerosis.
Journal
Related pathway
dnm04141 Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
dnm04620 Toll-like receptor signaling pathway
dnm04621 NOD-like receptor signaling pathway
dnm04670 Leukocyte transendothelial migration
dnm05418 Fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis
KO pathway
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