Insomnia

Insomnia is a common disorder with a prevalence of about 10% in the general population. The most common complaints related to insomnia are difficulty initiating sleep (sleep-onset insomnia), difficulty maintaining sleep due to prolonged nocturnal awakenings (sleep-maintenance insomnia), early morning awakenings, and excessive daytime sleepiness resulting from lack of sleep. Furthermore, insomnia is associated with an increased risk of anxiety and depression, suicidality, and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is recommended as first-line therapy. While behavioral therapies are effective for chronic insomnia in some patients, pharmacotherapy is frequently used when immediate short-term symptom relief is needed. The most effective pharmacologic therapies for insomnia are benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine-receptor agonists, melatonin-receptor agonists, and antidepressants.

Nervous system disease

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride [DR:D00669]
Doxepin hydrochloride [DR:D00814]
Phenobarbital sodium [DR:D00701]
Secobarbital sodium [DR:D01310]
Estazolam [DR:D00311]
Triazolam [DR:D00387]
Temazepam [DR:D00370]
Quazepam [DR:D00457]
Zolpidem tartrate [DR:D00706]
Zaleplon [DR:D00530]
Eszopiclone [DR:D02624]
Ramelteon [DR:D02689]
Suvorexant [DR:D10082]
Lemborexant [DR:D11022]

PMID:26414893

Lancee J, van Straten A, Morina N, Kaldo V, Kamphuis JH

Guided Online or Face-to-Face Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia: A Randomized Wait-List Controlled Trial.

Sleep 39:183-91 (2016)
DOI:10.5665/sleep.5344

PMID:27198954

Palagini L, Faraguna U, Mauri M, Gronchi A, Morin CM, Riemann D

Association between stress-related sleep reactivity and cognitive processes in insomnia disorder and insomnia subgroups: preliminary results.

Sleep Med 19:101-7 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.10.020

PMID:16750462 (drug)

Najib J

Eszopiclone, a nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic agent for the treatment of transient and chronic insomnia.

Clin Ther 28:491-516 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.04.014

PMID:27253658 (drug)

Schoedel KA, Sun H, Sellers EM, Faulknor J, Levy-Cooperman N, Li X, Kennedy WP, Cha JH, Lewis NM, Liu W, Bondiskey P, McCrea JB, Panebianco DL, Troyer MD, Wagner JA

Assessment of the Abuse Potential of the Orexin Receptor Antagonist, Suvorexant, Compared With Zolpidem in a Randomized Crossover Study.

J Clin Psychopharmacol 36:314-23 (2016)
DOI:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000516

PMID:26438969 (drug)

Cardinali DP, Golombek DA, Rosenstein RE, Brusco LI, Vigo DE

Assessing the efficacy of melatonin to curtail benzodiazepine/Z drug abuse.

Pharmacol Res 109:12-23 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.016

PMID:18463341 (drug)

Passarella S, Duong MT

Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

Am J Health Syst Pharm 65:927-34 (2008)
DOI:10.2146/ajhp060640

PMID:26940892 (drug)

Morin CM, Edinger JD, Krystal AD, Buysse DJ, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Ivers H

Sequential psychological and pharmacological therapies for comorbid and primary insomnia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Trials 17:118 (2016)
DOI:10.1186/s13063-016-1242-3