Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
Emphysema

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a representative chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is characterized by airway inflammation and progressive airflow obstruction, most commonly caused by cigarette smoking. The major symptoms of which patients complain are cough, breathlessness, and sputum production. COPD is associated with underlying inflammation in response to chronic exposure to noxious particulates and gases and with a number of comorbid conditions. The onset of COPD generally occurs in the 6th to 8th decades of life. Early onset COPD is defined as disease onset before the age of 50 years, irrespective of smoking history. The presence of persons with early onset, severely reduced pulmonary function suggests that individuals may vary in their genetic susceptibility to the effects of smoking. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is the only proven genetic risk factor for COPD. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of treatment since they improve lung function and reduce acute exacerbations. Long-acting inhaled bronchodilators are recommended as first line treatment for patients with persistent symptoms.

Lung disease

SERPINA1 [HSA:5265] [KO:K03984]
HMOX1 [HSA:3162] [KO:K00510]
MMP1 [HSA:4312] [KO:K01388]

Glycopyrrolate [DR:D00540]
Prednisolone sodium phosphate [DR:D00981]
Prednisone [DR:D00473]
Salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate [DR:D08699]
Ipratropium bromide [DR:D02212]
Metaproterenol sulfate [DR:D00685]
Terbutaline sulfate [DR:D00688]
Salmeterol xinafoate [DR:D00687]
Formoterol fumarate [DR:D01373]
Formoterol fumarate hydrate [DR:D05277]
Indacaterol maleate [DR:D09319]
Olodaterol hydrochloride [DR:D10020]
Budesonide and formoterol fumarate dihydrate [DR:D09595]
Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate [DR:D10501]
Albuterol sulfate and ipratropium bromide [DR:D10256]
Umeclidinium bromide and vilanterol [DR:D10533]
Glycopyrronium bromide and indacaterol maleate [DR:D10505]
Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate [DR:D11857]
Tiotropium and olodaterol [DR:D10744]
Glycopyrrolate and formoterol [DR:D11036]
Fluticasone furoate, umeclidinium bromide and vilanterol [DR:D11035]
Tiotropium bromide hydrate [DR:D01929]
Aclidinium bromide [DR:D08837]
Umeclidinium bromide [DR:D10181]
Revefenacin [DR:D10978]
Aminophylline hydrate [DR:D05429]
Aminophylline dihydrate [DR:D11630]
Theophylline and dextrose [DR:D10297]
Roflumilast [DR:D05744]
Acetylcysteine [DR:D00221]
Arformoterol tartrate [DR:D02981]

See also H01103 Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency

PMID:18046867

PMID:23257530

PMID:9620904

PMID:10631150

PMID:11875051