KEGG   PATHWAY: dle04974
Entry
dle04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
dle04974  Protein digestion and absorption
dle04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale) [GN:dle]
Gene
111163341  CELA3B; chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B isoform X1 [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
111164128  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
111164184  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K13867]
111164677  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
111164838  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
111165049  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16630]
111165215  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain [KO:K08133]
111165780  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
111165781  COL4A6; collagen alpha-6(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
111166081  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
111166407  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06236]
111166927  FXYD2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
111166986  [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
111166987  [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
111167389  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
111167978  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
111168015  XPNPEP2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
111168165  COL6A6; collagen alpha-6(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
111168189  [KO:K06238]
111168235  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
111168887  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
111169852  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain [KO:K24355]
111171495  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain [KO:K24356]
111171645  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
111171646  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
111171889  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
111171891  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
111171945  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform X1 [KO:K05006]
111171971  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
111172333  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K07603]
111172798  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
111173015  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 [KO:K05849]
111173935  [KO:K04897]
111174067  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain [KO:K19719]
111174083  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
111174429  COL7A1; collagen alpha-1(VII) chain [KO:K16628]
111174642  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05612]
111174811  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
111174840  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
111175334  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
111175390  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
111175498  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24339]
111175648  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08131]
111176089  [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
111176198  [KO:K04897]
111176383  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
111176384  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
111176438  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
111177069  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
111177293  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
111178360  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
111178414  CPA2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
111178484  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
111178531  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 [KO:K12040]
111178626  MEP1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
111178653  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16629]
111178669  COL11A2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-2(XI) chain [KO:K19721]
111178775  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04916]
111179171  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
111179172  CPA3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
111179257  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
111179330  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
111179508  [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
111179510  CTRB1; chymotrypsinogen B [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
111179711  CTRL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
111179983  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
111180105  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
111180685  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 [KO:K05849]
111180702  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
111180779  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
111180802  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
111180944  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 isoform X2 [KO:K13868]
111181088  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain [KO:K06236]
111181330  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K23455]
111181434  COL28A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
111181507  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
111182004  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain isoform X2 [KO:K24358]
111182048  ELN; elastin [KO:K14211]
111182775  [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
111183113  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 isoform X4 [KO:K14209]
111183115  [KO:K14209]
111183232  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08132]
111183266  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08131]
111183268  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
111183459  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16617]
111183613  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
111183840  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
111184098  PGA5; pepsin A-5 [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
111184099  [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
111184856  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
111184922  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
111185833  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
111186354  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
111186385  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
111186452  COL18A1; collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06823]
111186687  COL20A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
111186728  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
111187065  [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
111188037  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain [KO:K08135]
115801467  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 isoform X3 [KO:K14209]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
dle00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
dle04530  Tight junction
dle04971  Gastric acid secretion
dle04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   

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