KEGG   PATHWAY: asul00720
Entry
asul00720                   Pathway                                
Name
Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes - Acidianus sulfidivorans
Description
Carbon fixation is an important pathway for autotrophs living in various environments. Plants and cyanobacteria fix CO2 as organic compounds using solar energy mainly by the reductive pentose phosphate cycle (also called Calvin cycle, Calvin-Benson cycle, or Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle) [MD:M00165]. There are, at least, five additional carbon fixation pathways known to exist in autotrophic bacteria and archaea, which differ in reducing compounds, energy source, and oxygen sensitivity of enzymes. (i) The reductive citric acid cycle (Arnon-Buchanan cycle) [MD:M00173] is found in microaerophiles and anaerobes, such as green sulfur bacteria. In one complete turn of this cycle, four molecules of CO2 are fixed by the enzymes that are sensitive to oxygen, resulting in the production of one molecule of oxaloacetate, which is itself an intermediate of the cycle. (ii) The reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (Wood-Ljungdahl pathway) [MD:M00377] is found in strictly anaerobic bacteria and archaea (Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Spirochaetes, and Euryarchaeota), some of which are methane-forming. A bifunctional enzyme, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase, catalyzes the reactions from CO2 to CO and from CO2 to a methyl group, and then to generate acetyl-CoA. (iii) The 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle [MD:M00376] is found in some green non-sulphur bacteria of the family Chloroflexaceae. In one complete turn of this bicycle, three molecules of bicarbonate are converted into one molecule of pyruvate. In addition, this bicycle provides the secondary benefit of useful intermediates for biosynthesis: acetyl-CoA, glyoxylate, and succinyl-CoA. (iv) The hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutyrate cycle [MD:M00375] is found in aerobic Crenarchaeota, Acidianus, Metallosphaera, and Sulfolobales. Some of the intermediates and the carboxylation reactions are the same as in the 3-hydroxypropionate bicycle. One complete turn of this cycle generates two molecules of acetyl-CoA, one of which is reutilized in the the cycle and the other is removed for cell material biosynthesis. (v) The dicarboxylate-hydroxybutyrate cycle [MD:M00374] was named after its intermediates: succinate (a kind of dicarboxylate) and hydroxybutyrate. This cycle has been found only in Ignicoccus hospitals, a strictly anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea. Recent genome study suggests that this cycle may exist in Desulfurococcales (to which Ignicoccus belongs) and Thermoproteales (a taxon close to the origin of archaea). The first half of the cycle, from acetyl-CoA to succinate-CoA, corresponds to the reductive citric acid cycle and the latter half of the cycle, from succinate-CoA to two molecules of acetyl-CoA, corresponds to the hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutyrate cycle.
Class
Metabolism; Energy metabolism
Pathway map
asul00720  Carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes
asul00720

Module
asul_M00375  Hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutylate cycle [PATH:asul00720]
Other DBs
GO: 0015977
Organism
Acidianus sulfidivorans [GN:asul]
Gene
DFR86_00505  pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase [KO:K00169] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_11215  3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase subunit beta [KO:K00170] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_00500  pyruvate synthase subunit beta [KO:K00170] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_11200  pyruvate synthase [KO:K00172] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_00515  pyruvate synthase [KO:K00172] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_00510  4Fe-4S dicluster domain-containing protein [KO:K00171] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_11205  4Fe-4S dicluster domain-containing protein [KO:K00171] [EC:1.2.7.1]
DFR86_04635  pyruvate, water dikinase [KO:K01007] [EC:2.7.9.2]
DFR86_09565  ppsA; pyruvate, water dikinase [KO:K01007] [EC:2.7.9.2]
DFR86_02440  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [KO:K01595] [EC:4.1.1.31]
DFR86_01330  malate dehydrogenase [KO:K00024] [EC:1.1.1.37]
DFR86_01485  fumarate hydratase [KO:K01679] [EC:4.2.1.2]
DFR86_03320  succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit [KO:K00239] [EC:1.3.5.1]
DFR86_03315  succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase iron-sulfur subunit [KO:K00240] [EC:1.3.5.1]
DFR86_03310  disulfide reductase [KO:K00241]
DFR86_03305  succinate dehydrogenase [KO:K18859]
DFR86_10135  sucD; succinate--CoA ligase subunit alpha [KO:K01902] [EC:6.2.1.5]
DFR86_10130  succinate--CoA ligase subunit beta [KO:K01903] [EC:6.2.1.5]
DFR86_02725  zinc-binding dehydrogenase [KO:K14465] [EC:1.1.1.-]
DFR86_02735  phenylacetate--CoA ligase family protein [KO:K18861] [EC:6.2.1.40]
DFR86_01545  4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase [KO:K14534] [EC:4.2.1.120 5.3.3.3]
DFR86_00610  3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family protein [KO:K15016] [EC:4.2.1.17 1.1.1.35]
DFR86_02730  3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase [KO:K15016] [EC:4.2.1.17 1.1.1.35]
DFR86_00570  3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase [KO:K15016] [EC:4.2.1.17 1.1.1.35]
DFR86_09295  thiolase family protein [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
DFR86_04605  thiolase domain-containing protein [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
DFR86_01045  thiolase domain-containing protein [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
DFR86_01050  thiolase domain-containing protein [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
DFR86_03230  acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
DFR86_00585  thiolase domain-containing protein [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
DFR86_01870  2-oxoacid:acceptor oxidoreductase subunit alpha [KO:K00174] [EC:1.2.7.3 1.2.7.11]
DFR86_03795  2-oxoacid:acceptor oxidoreductase subunit alpha [KO:K00174] [EC:1.2.7.3 1.2.7.11]
DFR86_01875  2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase subunit beta [KO:K00175] [EC:1.2.7.3 1.2.7.11]
DFR86_03800  2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase subunit beta [KO:K00175] [EC:1.2.7.3 1.2.7.11]
DFR86_02315  NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase [KO:K00031] [EC:1.1.1.42]
DFR86_07510  acnA; aconitate hydratase AcnA [KO:K01681] [EC:4.2.1.3]
DFR86_01825  acetyl-CoA carboxylase biotin carboxylase subunit [KO:K01964] [EC:6.4.1.2 6.4.1.3]
DFR86_01815  methylmalonyl-CoA carboxyltransferase [KO:K15036] [EC:6.4.1.2 6.4.1.3 2.1.3.15]
DFR86_01820  biotin/lipoyl-binding protein [KO:K15037]
DFR86_02340  asd; aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [KO:K15017] [EC:1.2.1.75 1.2.1.76]
DFR86_08270  3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family protein [KO:K15039] [EC:1.1.1.298]
DFR86_01620  acs; acetate--CoA ligase [KO:K15018] [EC:6.2.1.36]
DFR86_08230  crotonase [KO:K15019] [EC:4.2.1.116]
DFR86_02685  alcohol dehydrogenase catalytic domain-containing protein [KO:K15020] [EC:1.3.1.84]
DFR86_03020  mce; methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase [KO:K05606] [EC:5.1.99.1]
DFR86_03025  methylmalonyl-CoA mutase [KO:K01848] [EC:5.4.99.2]
DFR86_05270  methylmalonyl-CoA mutase [KO:K01849] [EC:5.4.99.2]
DFR86_01030  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
DFR86_01060  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
DFR86_07800  acs; acetate--CoA ligase [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
DFR86_10435  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
DFR86_00565  AMP-binding protein [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
DFR86_04390  acs; acetate--CoA ligase [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00022  Pyruvate
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00026  2-Oxoglutarate
C00033  Acetate
C00036  Oxaloacetate
C00042  Succinate
C00048  Glyoxylate
C00058  Formate
C00074  Phosphoenolpyruvate
C00083  Malonyl-CoA
C00091  Succinyl-CoA
C00100  Propanoyl-CoA
C00101  Tetrahydrofolate
C00122  Fumarate
C00143  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
C00149  (S)-Malate
C00158  Citrate
C00222  3-Oxopropanoate
C00227  Acetyl phosphate
C00232  Succinate semialdehyde
C00234  10-Formyltetrahydrofolate
C00237  CO
C00288  HCO3-
C00311  Isocitrate
C00332  Acetoacetyl-CoA
C00417  cis-Aconitate
C00440  5-Methyltetrahydrofolate
C00445  5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate
C00566  (3S)-Citryl-CoA
C00683  (S)-Methylmalonyl-CoA
C00877  Crotonoyl-CoA
C00894  Propenoyl-CoA
C00989  4-Hydroxybutanoic acid
C01011  (3S)-Citramalyl-CoA
C01013  3-Hydroxypropanoate
C01144  (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoyl-CoA
C01213  (R)-Methylmalonyl-CoA
C04348  L-Malyl-CoA
C05668  3-Hydroxypropionyl-CoA
C06027  L-erythro-3-Methylmalyl-CoA
C06028  2-Methylfumaryl-CoA
C11062  4-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
C18323  3-Methylfumaryl-CoA
Reference
  Authors
Zarzycki J, Brecht V, Muller M, Fuchs G
  Title
Identifying the missing steps of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate CO2 fixation cycle in Chloroflexus aurantiacus.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:21317-22 (2009)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0908356106
Reference
  Authors
Teufel R, Kung JW, Kockelkorn D, Alber BE, Fuchs G
  Title
3-hydroxypropionyl-coenzyme A dehydratase and acryloyl-coenzyme A reductase, enzymes of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle in the Sulfolobales.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 191:4572-81 (2009)
DOI:10.1128/JB.00068-09
Reference
  Authors
Huber H, Gallenberger M, Jahn U, Eylert E, Berg IA, Kockelkorn D, Eisenreich W, Fuchs G
  Title
A dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon assimilation cycle in the hyperthermophilic Archaeum Ignicoccus hospitalis.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:7851-6 (2008)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0801043105
Reference
  Authors
Hugler M, Wirsen CO, Fuchs G, Taylor CD, Sievert SM
  Title
Evidence for autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle by members of the epsilon subdivision of proteobacteria.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 187:3020-7 (2005)
DOI:10.1128/JB.187.9.3020-3027.2005
Reference
  Authors
Seravalli J, Kumar M, Ragsdale SW
  Title
Rapid kinetic studies of acetyl-CoA synthesis: evidence supporting the catalytic intermediacy of a paramagnetic NiFeC species in the autotrophic Wood-Ljungdahl pathway.
  Journal
Biochemistry 41:1807-19 (2002)
DOI:10.1021/bi011687i
Reference
PMID:3096193
  Authors
Ljungdahl LG
  Title
The autotrophic pathway of acetate synthesis in acetogenic bacteria.
  Journal
Annu Rev Microbiol 40:415-50 (1986)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.mi.40.100186.002215
KO pathway
ko00720   
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