KEGG   PATHWAY: ko02025
Entry
ko02025                     Pathway                                
Name
Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Description
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous advantages to microorganisms. The main key actors relevant in the regulation of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa include cAMP/Vfr signaling, quorum sensing (QS) systems, Gac/Rsm pathway, and c-di-GMP signaling. cAMP/Vfr signaling regulates the transcription of hundreds of genes encoding diverse virulence factors, including the type 2 secretion system and type 3 secretion system and their associated toxins, type IV pili, and flagella. It is demonstrated that the accumulation of cAMP inhibits the attachment phase of biofilm formation. The QS systems are arranged hierarchically with the las system positively regulating both the rhl and PQS systems. These three QS systems are involved in the regulation of virulence factor production, biofilm maturation, and motility phenotypes. GacS/GacA two-component system is promoting the expression of two small regulatory RNAs, RsmY and RsmZ, which sequester the translational repressor RsmA. Titration of RsmA induces the production of sessile and biofilm determinants, whereas free RsmA leads to a planktonic and more virulent lifestyle. c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger. Synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP is facilitated by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). High intracellular levels of c-di-GMP evoke the processes leading to the production of biofilm matrix, while a decrease in its level causes an increase in cell motility and transition into the planktonic forms of growth.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes
Pathway map
ko02025  Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ko02025

Orthology
K02660  twitching motility protein PilJ
K02659  twitching motility protein PilI
K06596  chemosensory pili system protein ChpA (sensor histidine kinase/response regulator)
K06598  chemosensory pili system protein ChpC
K02658  twitching motility two-component system response regulator PilH
K02657  twitching motility two-component system response regulator PilG
K01768  adenylate cyclase [EC:4.6.1.1]
K03651  3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase [EC:3.1.4.53]
K10914  CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein
K10941  sigma-54 dependent transcriptional regulator, flagellar regulatory protein
K20968  AraC family transcriptional regulator, exoenzyme S synthesis regulatory protein ExsA
K13060  acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184]
K18304  LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator LasR
K13061  acyl homoserine lactone synthase [EC:2.3.1.184]
K18099  LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator RhlR
K18100  rhamnosyltransferase subunit A [EC:2.4.1.-]
K18101  rhamnosyltransferase subunit B [EC:2.4.1.-]
K12990  rhamnosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K20258  PA-I galactophilic lectin
K20259  PA-IIL fucose-binding lectin
K01657  anthranilate synthase component I [EC:4.1.3.27]
K01658  anthranilate synthase component II [EC:4.1.3.27]
K18000  anthranilate-CoA ligase [EC:6.2.1.32]
K18001  2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone synthase subunit PqsB [EC:2.3.1.230]
K18002  2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone synthase subunit PqsC [EC:2.3.1.230]
K18003  anthraniloyl-CoA anthraniloyltransferase [EC:2.3.1.262]
K20257  2-aminobenzoylacetyl-CoA thioesterase [EC:3.1.2.32]
K17940  2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone synthase [EC:1.14.13.182]
K19735  LysR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator MvfR
K07678  two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase BarA [EC:2.7.13.3]
K20971  two-component system, sensor histidine kinase LadS
K20972  two-component system, sensor histidine kinase RetS
K07689  two-component system, NarL family, invasion response regulator UvrY
K20969  small regulatory RNA RsmY
K20970  small regulatory RNA RsmZ
K03563  carbon storage regulator
K20973  two-component system, sensor histidine kinase SagS [EC:2.7.13.3]
K20974  two-component system, sensor histidine kinase [EC:2.7.13.3]
K20975  two-component system, sensor histidine kinase [EC:2.7.13.3]
K20976  histidine phosphotransfer protein HptB
K20977  two-component system, HptB-dependent secretion and biofilm response regulator
K20978  HptB-dependent secretion and biofilm anti anti-sigma factor
K02398  negative regulator of flagellin synthesis FlgM
K02405  RNA polymerase sigma factor FliA
K11912  serine/threonine-protein kinase PpkA [EC:2.7.11.1]
K11915  serine/threonine protein phosphatase Stp1 [EC:3.1.3.16]
K11890  type VI secretion system protein ImpM
K11891  type VI secretion system protein ImpL
K11893  type VI secretion system protein ImpJ
K11913  type VI secretion system protein
K11902  type VI secretion system protein ImpA
K11901  type VI secretion system protein ImpB
K11900  type VI secretion system protein ImpC
K11903  type VI secretion system secreted protein Hcp
K11895  type VI secretion system protein ImpH
K11907  type VI secretion system protein VasG
K13487  methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein WspA
K13490  two-component system, chemotaxis family, sensor histidine kinase and response regulator WspE
K13488  chemotaxis-related protein WspB
K13489  chemotaxis-related protein WspD
K13491  two-component system, chemotaxis family, response regulator WspF [EC:3.1.1.61]
K11444  two-component system, chemotaxis family, response regulator WspR [EC:2.7.7.65]
K21019  diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65]
K21020  diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65]
K21021  diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65]
K21022  diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65]
K21023  diguanylate cyclase [EC:2.7.7.65]
K21024  c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase [EC:3.1.4.52]
K20997  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslA
K16011  mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase / mannose-6-phosphate isomerase [EC:2.7.7.13 5.3.1.8]
K25205  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslC
K20987  polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein PslD
K20998  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslE
K20999  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslF
K21000  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslG
K21001  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslH
K21002  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslI
K21003  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslJ
K21004  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslK
K21005  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslL
K21006  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelA
K21007  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelB
K21008  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelC
K21009  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelD
K21010  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelE
K21011  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelF
K21012  polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelG
K19291  mannuronan synthase [EC:2.4.1.33]
K21025  multidomain signaling protein FimX
K23127  cyclic-di-GMP-binding protein
Compound
C00044  GTP
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C11837  N-Butyryl-L-homoserine lactone
C11848  2-Heptyl-3-hydroxy-quinolone
C16463  3',5'-Cyclic diGMP
C18076  5'-Phosphoguanylyl(3'->5')guanosine
C20643  2-Heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone
C21201  N-3-Oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone
Reference
PMID:22354680
  Authors
Coggan KA, Wolfgang MC
  Title
Global regulatory pathways and cross-talk control pseudomonas aeruginosa environmental lifestyle and virulence phenotype.
  Journal
Curr Issues Mol Biol 14:47-70 (2012)
Reference
PMID:25866808
  Authors
Rasamiravaka T, Labtani Q, Duez P, El Jaziri M
  Title
The formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a review of the natural and synthetic compounds interfering with control mechanisms.
  Journal
Biomed Res Int 2015:759348 (2015)
DOI:10.1155/2015/759348
Reference
PMID:27129226
  Authors
Valentini M, Filloux A
  Title
Biofilms and Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) Signaling: Lessons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Bacteria.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 291:12547-55 (2016)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.R115.711507
Reference
PMID:19287449
  Authors
Hengge R
  Title
Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 7:263-73 (2009)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro2109
Reference
PMID:25666534
  Authors
Liang ZX
  Title
The expanding roles of c-di-GMP in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and secondary metabolites.
  Journal
Nat Prod Rep 32:663-83 (2015)
DOI:10.1039/c4np00086b
Reference
PMID:20345659
  Authors
Fulcher NB, Holliday PM, Klem E, Cann MJ, Wolfgang MC
  Title
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chp chemosensory system regulates intracellular cAMP levels by modulating adenylate cyclase activity.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 76:889-904 (2010)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07135.x
Reference
PMID:26929300
  Authors
Marsden AE, Intile PJ, Schulmeyer KH, Simmons-Patterson ER, Urbanowski ML, Wolfgang MC, Yahr TL
  Title
Vfr Directly Activates exsA Transcription To Regulate Expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type III Secretion System.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 198:1442-50 (2016)
DOI:10.1128/JB.00049-16
Reference
PMID:19426209
  Authors
Brencic A, Lory S
  Title
Determination of the regulon and identification of novel mRNA targets of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RsmA.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 72:612-32 (2009)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06670.x
Reference
PMID:18256026
  Authors
Hsu JL, Chen HC, Peng HL, Chang HY
  Title
Characterization of the histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein B-mediated multistep phosphorelay system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 283:9933-44 (2008)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M708836200
Reference
PMID:18028314
  Authors
Guvener ZT, Harwood CS
  Title
Subcellular location characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa GGDEF protein, WspR, indicate that it produces cyclic-di-GMP in response to growth on surfaces.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 66:1459-73 (2007)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06008.x
Reference
PMID:20735777
  Authors
Irie Y, Starkey M, Edwards AN, Wozniak DJ, Romeo T, Parsek MR
  Title
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix polysaccharide Psl is regulated transcriptionally by RpoS and post-transcriptionally by RsmA.
  Journal
Mol Microbiol 78:158-72 (2010)
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07320.x
Related
pathway
ko02024  Quorum sensing
ko02040  Flagellar assembly
ko03070  Bacterial secretion system
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