Entry
Name
Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Description
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous advantages to microorganisms. The main key actors relevant in the regulation of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa include cAMP/Vfr signaling, quorum sensing (QS) systems, Gac/Rsm pathway, and c-di-GMP signaling. cAMP/Vfr signaling regulates the transcription of hundreds of genes encoding diverse virulence factors, including the type 2 secretion system and type 3 secretion system and their associated toxins, type IV pili, and flagella. It is demonstrated that the accumulation of cAMP inhibits the attachment phase of biofilm formation. The QS systems are arranged hierarchically with the las system positively regulating both the rhl and PQS systems. These three QS systems are involved in the regulation of virulence factor production, biofilm maturation, and motility phenotypes. GacS/GacA two-component system is promoting the expression of two small regulatory RNAs, RsmY and RsmZ, which sequester the translational repressor RsmA. Titration of RsmA induces the production of sessile and biofilm determinants, whereas free RsmA leads to a planktonic and more virulent lifestyle. c-di-GMP is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger. Synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP is facilitated by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). High intracellular levels of c-di-GMP evoke the processes leading to the production of biofilm matrix, while a decrease in its level causes an increase in cell motility and transition into the planktonic forms of growth.
Class
Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotes
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
ko02025 Biofilm formation - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Ortholog table
Orthology
K02660 twitching motility protein PilJ
K02659 twitching motility protein PilI
K06596 chemosensory pili system protein ChpA (sensor histidine kinase/response regulator)
K06598 chemosensory pili system protein ChpC
K02658 twitching motility two-component system response regulator PilH
K02657 twitching motility two-component system response regulator PilG
K10914 CRP/FNR family transcriptional regulator, cyclic AMP receptor protein
K10941 sigma-54 dependent transcriptional regulator, flagellar regulatory protein
K20968 AraC family transcriptional regulator, exoenzyme S synthesis regulatory protein ExsA
K18304 LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator LasR
K18099 LuxR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator RhlR
K18100 rhamnosyltransferase subunit A [EC:2.4.1.-]
K18101 rhamnosyltransferase subunit B [EC:2.4.1.-]
K12990 rhamnosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.-]
K20258 PA-I galactophilic lectin
K20259 PA-IIL fucose-binding lectin
K19735 LysR family transcriptional regulator, quorum-sensing system regulator MvfR
K07678 two-component system, NarL family, sensor histidine kinase BarA [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K20971 two-component system, sensor histidine kinase LadS
K20972 two-component system, sensor histidine kinase RetS
K07689 two-component system, NarL family, invasion response regulator UvrY
K20969 small regulatory RNA RsmY
K20970 small regulatory RNA RsmZ
K03563 carbon storage regulator
K20973 two-component system, sensor histidine kinase SagS [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
K20976 histidine phosphotransfer protein HptB
K20977 two-component system, HptB-dependent secretion and biofilm response regulator
K20978 HptB-dependent secretion and biofilm anti anti-sigma factor
K02398 negative regulator of flagellin synthesis FlgM
K02405 RNA polymerase sigma factor FliA
K11890 type VI secretion system protein ImpM
K11891 type VI secretion system protein ImpL
K11893 type VI secretion system protein ImpJ
K11913 type VI secretion system protein
K11902 type VI secretion system protein ImpA
K11901 type VI secretion system protein ImpB
K11900 type VI secretion system protein ImpC
K11903 type VI secretion system secreted protein Hcp
K11895 type VI secretion system protein ImpH
K11907 type VI secretion system protein VasG
K13487 methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein WspA
K13490 two-component system, chemotaxis family, sensor histidine kinase and response regulator WspE
K13488 chemotaxis-related protein WspB
K13489 chemotaxis-related protein WspD
K13491 two-component system, chemotaxis family, response regulator WspF [EC:3.1.1.61 ]
K11444 two-component system, chemotaxis family, response regulator WspR [EC:2.7.7.65 ]
K20997 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslA
K25205 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslC
K20987 polysaccharide biosynthesis/export protein PslD
K20998 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslE
K20999 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslF
K21000 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslG
K21001 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslH
K21002 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslI
K21003 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslJ
K21004 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslK
K21005 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PslL
K21006 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelA
K21007 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelB
K21008 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelC
K21009 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelD
K21010 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelE
K21011 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelF
K21012 polysaccharide biosynthesis protein PelG
K21025 multidomain signaling protein FimX
K23127 cyclic-di-GMP-binding protein
Compound
C11837 N-Butyryl-L-homoserine lactone
C11848 2-Heptyl-3-hydroxy-quinolone
C18076 5'-Phosphoguanylyl(3'->5')guanosine
C20643 2-Heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone
C21201 N-3-Oxo-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone
Reference
Authors
Coggan KA, Wolfgang MC
Title
Global regulatory pathways and cross-talk control pseudomonas aeruginosa environmental lifestyle and virulence phenotype.
Journal
Curr Issues Mol Biol 14:47-70 (2012)
Reference
Authors
Rasamiravaka T, Labtani Q, Duez P, El Jaziri M
Title
The formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a review of the natural and synthetic compounds interfering with control mechanisms.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Valentini M, Filloux A
Title
Biofilms and Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) Signaling: Lessons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Other Bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hengge R
Title
Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Liang ZX
Title
The expanding roles of c-di-GMP in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and secondary metabolites.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fulcher NB, Holliday PM, Klem E, Cann MJ, Wolfgang MC
Title
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chp chemosensory system regulates intracellular cAMP levels by modulating adenylate cyclase activity.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marsden AE, Intile PJ, Schulmeyer KH, Simmons-Patterson ER, Urbanowski ML, Wolfgang MC, Yahr TL
Title
Vfr Directly Activates exsA Transcription To Regulate Expression of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type III Secretion System.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Brencic A, Lory S
Title
Determination of the regulon and identification of novel mRNA targets of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RsmA.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hsu JL, Chen HC, Peng HL, Chang HY
Title
Characterization of the histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein B-mediated multistep phosphorelay system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Guvener ZT, Harwood CS
Title
Subcellular location characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa GGDEF protein, WspR, indicate that it produces cyclic-di-GMP in response to growth on surfaces.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Irie Y, Starkey M, Edwards AN, Wozniak DJ, Romeo T, Parsek MR
Title
Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix polysaccharide Psl is regulated transcriptionally by RpoS and post-transcriptionally by RsmA.
Journal
Related pathway
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