KEGG   PATHWAY: cpea04916
Entry
cpea04916                   Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Chaetura pelagica (chimney swift)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
cpea04916  Melanogenesis
cpea04916

Organism
Chaetura pelagica (chimney swift) [GN:cpea]
Gene
104392743  POMC; pro-opiomelanocortin [KO:K05228]
104398328  MC1R; melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04199]
104389610  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
104392180  ADCY1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104398276  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104392793  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104387452  ADCY5; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104388571  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104392847  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104386813  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
104396726  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
104397373  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
104390421  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
104398158  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
104398648  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
104386837  CREBBP; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: CREB-binding protein [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
104387577  EP300; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone acetyltransferase p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
104388076  MITF; microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
104394690  WNT2; protein Wnt-2 [KO:K00182]
104392438  WNT2B; protein Wnt-2b [KO:K00182]
104385953  WNT3A; protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
104398730  WNT3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
104390635  WNT4; protein Wnt-4 [KO:K00408]
104384964  WNT5A; protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
104386582  WNT5B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
104387335  WNT6; protein Wnt-6 [KO:K00445]
104397852  WNT7A; protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
104393469  WNT7B; protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
104391485  WNT8B; protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
104386965  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-8c-like [KO:K00714]
104385941  WNT9A; protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
104398736  WNT9B; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
104387488  WNT10A; protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
104397236  WNT11; protein Wnt-11 [KO:K01384]
104387833  protein Wnt-11b-like [KO:K01384]
104394696  WNT16; protein Wnt-16 [KO:K01558]
104392198  FZD1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
104397425  FZD7; frizzled-7 [KO:K02432]
104387017  FZD2; frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
104392749  FZD3; frizzled-3 [KO:K02329]
104394776  FZD4; frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
104397374  FZD5; frizzled-5 [KO:K02375]
104396669  FZD6; frizzled-6 [KO:K02376]
104390996  FZD9; frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
104388769  FZD10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
104386317  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
104395233  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
104395825  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04634]
104390418  DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 [KO:K02353]
104395563  DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 [KO:K02353]
104389283  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
104385619  CTNNB1; catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
104386840  TCF7; transcription factor 7 [KO:K02620]
104392687  TCF7L1; transcription factor 7-like 1 [KO:K04490]
104397916  TCF7L2; transcription factor 7-like 2 [KO:K04491]
104394492  LEF1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 [KO:K04492]
104398013  KITLG; kit ligand [KO:K05461]
104393068  KIT; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
104387643  HRAS; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
104386764  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
104392909  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
104398706  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
104386653  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
104391569  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2-like [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
104388745  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
104393152  TYR; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
104392513  TYRP1; 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
104396494  DCT; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: L-dopachrome tautomerase [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
104391660  EDN1; endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
104393971  endothelin B receptor [KO:K04198]
104393916  endothelin B receptor-like [KO:K04198]
104394603  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha-like [KO:K04630]
104387109  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
104392396  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
104385132  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
104397182  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
104397210  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
104394189  CALM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin [KO:K02183]
104395269  CALM2; calmodulin [KO:K02183]
104391078  CALML3; calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
104386526  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
104391460  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
104392185  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
104392612  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
104393372  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
104393313  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
104393133  PRKCB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
cpea00350  Tyrosine metabolism
cpea04010  MAPK signaling pathway
cpea04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
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