KEGG Modules

The KEGG MODULE database is a collection of KEGG modules, manually defined functional units of gene sets. Each module is identified by the M number and defined by the logical expression of K numbers. There are two types of modules.
  • pathway modules – functional units of gene sets in metabolic pathways, including molecular complexes
  • signature modules – functional units of gene sets that characterize phenotypic features
Some signature modules are represented in a hierarchical manner, using the logical expression of K numbers and M numbers.

A related dataset of reaction modules defined by the logical expression of RC numbers:
  • reaction modules – functional units of successive reaction steps in metabolic pathways
is treated as part of the KEGG MODULE database in the DBGET system, allowing search and retrieval such as by using the search box above.

The actual content of each KEGG module can be viewed by a dynamically generated graphical diagram, called the module diagram, such as M00002 for glycolysis core module involving three-carbon compounds. This reference module can be expanded by adding the KEGG organism code in the form of hsa_M00002, for example, for a human-specific module.

Completeness check

In order to evaluate whether the gene set is complete, i.e., the functional unit is present, in a given genome, the completeness check is performed for organism-specific modules. In the logical expression a space or a plus sign, representing a connection in the pathway or the molecular complex, is treated as an AND operator and a comma, used for alternatives, is treated as an OR operator. A minus sign designates an optional item in the complex. Thus, the completeness check involves identifying individual blocks separated by the AND operator and checking if all blocks are present. The completeness check of all moduels is performed for KEGG organisms and is also made available in KEGG Mapper Reconstruct tool.

The following is a daily updated list of complete modules for KEGG organisms and viruses categorized into seven groups: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea and Viruses. Each organism or virus may be viewed from button of the module diagram page.


Number of complete modules (2025/5/22)
AniPlaFunProBacArcVirTotal
Pathway modules
 Carbohydrate metabolism
  Central carbohydrate metabolism
   M00001Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate7121621945453391236584
   M00002Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds7181631945982933259752
   M00003Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P7031591822255991736838
   M00307Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA71416717148865340210155
   M00009Citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle)5948015542746103589
   M00010Citrate cycle, first carbon oxidation, oxaloacetate => 2-oxoglutarate6991611855272241968517
   M00011Citrate cycle, second carbon oxidation, 2-oxoglutarate => oxaloacetate6248416052970113854
   M00004Pentose phosphate pathway (Pentose phosphate cycle)6891621722348525898
   M00006Pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phase, glucose 6P => ribulose 5P720164191515461126599
   M00007Pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase, fructose 6P => ribose 5P706166177327708468835
   M00580Pentose phosphate pathway, archaea, fructose 6P => ribose 5P468276744
   M00005PRPP biosynthesis, ribose 5P => PRPP73516719066896143210551
   M00008Entner-Doudoroff pathway, glucose-6P => glyceraldehyde-3P + pyruvate25792579
   M00308Semi-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway, gluconate => glycerate-3P16768
   M00633Semi-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway, gluconate/galactonate => glycerate-3P4444
   M00309Non-phosphorylative Entner-Doudoroff pathway, gluconate/galactonate => glycerate5454
  Other carbohydrate metabolism
   M00014Glucuronate pathway (uronate pathway)648648
   M00630D-Galacturonate degradation (fungi), D-galacturonate => glycerol5656
   M00631D-Galacturonate degradation (bacteria), D-galacturonate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P10191019
   M00061D-Glucuronate degradation, D-glucuronate => pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3P14571457
   M00081Pectin degradation15274226
   M00632Galactose degradation, Leloir pathway, galactose => alpha-D-glucose-1P6441152310193907
   M00552D-galactonate degradation, De Ley-Doudoroff pathway, D-galactonate => glycerate-3P11581158
   M00129Ascorbate biosynthesis, animals, glucose-1P => ascorbate253253
   M00114Ascorbate biosynthesis, plants, fructose-6P => ascorbate155155
   M00550Ascorbate degradation, ascorbate => D-xylulose-5P655655
   M00854Glycogen biosynthesis, glucose-1P => glycogen/starch60016516624181295143
   M00855Glycogen degradation, glycogen => glucose-6P7161731314712373
   M00565Trehalose biosynthesis, D-glucose 1P => trehalose664664
   M00012Glyoxylate cycle415018283535423921
   M00373Ethylmalonyl pathway155155
   M00740Methylaspartate cycle88
   M00532Photorespiration134134
   M00013Malonate semialdehyde pathway, propanoyl-CoA => acetyl-CoA1551921249
   M00741Propanoyl-CoA metabolism, propanoyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA506311615051442175
   M00982Methylcitrate cycle8697876
   M00968Pentose bisphosphate pathway (nucleoside degradation), archaea, nucleoside/NMP => 3-PGA/glycerone phosphate1227228
   M00130Inositol phosphate metabolism, PI=> PIP2 => Ins(1,4,5)P3 => Ins(1,3,4,5)P472213726
   M00131Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 => Ins(1,3,4)P3 => myo-inositol501501
   M00132Inositol phosphate metabolism, Ins(1,3,4)P3 => phytate5881506744
 Energy metabolism
  Carbon fixation
   M00165Reductive pentose phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle)137455592
   M00168CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), dark167940232254424
   M00169CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism), light1162513951563
   M00172C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NADP - malic enzyme type159159
   M00171C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, NAD - malic enzyme type153153
   M00170C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase type1554159
   M00173Reductive citrate cycle (Arnon-Buchanan cycle)2323
   M003763-Hydroxypropionate bi-cycle55
   M00375Hydroxypropionate-hydroxybutylate cycle4444
   M00374Dicarboxylate-hydroxybutyrate cycle1212
   M00377Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway (Wood-Ljungdahl pathway)7171
   M00579Phosphate acetyltransferase-acetate kinase pathway, acetyl-CoA => acetate6109276136
   M00620Incomplete reductive citrate cycle, acetyl-CoA => oxoglutarate6868
  Methane metabolism
   M00567Methanogenesis, CO2 => methane117117
   M00357Methanogenesis, acetate => methane8484
   M00356Methanogenesis, methanol => methane5656
   M00563Methanogenesis, methylamine/dimethylamine/trimethylamine => methane4141
   M00358Coenzyme M biosynthesis15657
   M006082-Oxocarboxylic acid chain extension, 2-oxoglutarate => 2-oxoadipate => 2-oxopimelate => 2-oxosuberate120120
   M00174Methane oxidation, methanotroph, methane => formaldehyde5252
   M00346Formaldehyde assimilation, serine pathway6262
   M00345Formaldehyde assimilation, ribulose monophosphate pathway6604664
   M00344Formaldehyde assimilation, xylulose monophosphate pathway8888
   M00378F420 biosynthesis, archaea1272273
   M00935Methanofuran biosynthesis4545
   M00422Acetyl-CoA pathway, CO2 => acetyl-CoA1103105
  Nitrogen metabolism
   M00175Nitrogen fixation, nitrogen => ammonia80473877
   M00531Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia1649851690602017
   M00530Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia15291529
   M00529Denitrification, nitrate => nitrogen329329
   M00528Nitrification, ammonia => nitrite4546
   M00804Complete nitrification, comammox, ammonia => nitrite => nitrate67
   M00973Anammox, nitrite + ammonia => nitrogen23
  Sulfur metabolism
   M00987Assimilatory sulfate reduction, plants, sulfate => H2S154154
   M00176Assimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S116533064213254
   M00596Dissimilatory sulfate reduction, sulfate => H2S1415146
   M00595Sulfur oxidation, SOX system, thiosulfate => sulfate554554
   M00984Sulfur oxidation, tetrathionate intermediate (S4I) pathway, thiosulfate => sulfur + sulfate + thiosulfate172239
   M00986Sulfur reduction, sulfur => sulfide178167345
   M00985Sulfide oxidation, sulfide => sulfur383383
   M00990Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, demethylation pathway, DMSP => methanethiol2323
   M00991Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, cleavage pathway, DMSP => acetyl-CoA3233
   M00992Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, cleavage pathway, DMSP => acrylate => acetyl-CoA34
   M00993Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) degradation, cleavage pathway, DMSP => propionyl-CoA33
  Photosynthesis
   M00161Photosystem II1221179302
   M00163Photosystem I1201186307
   M00597Anoxygenic photosystem II217217
   M00598Anoxygenic photosystem I1515
  ATP synthesis
   M00144NADH:quinone oxidoreductase, prokaryotes45054505
   M00145NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, chloroplasts and cyanobacteria109187296
   M00142NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondria38344181446
   M00143NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein/flavoprotein complex, mitochondria566691222759
   M00146NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex278278
   M00147NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex234234
   M00149Succinate dehydrogenase, prokaryotes44792234702
   M00150Fumarate reductase, prokaryotes978978
   M00148Succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)646861785915
   M00162Cytochrome b6f complex6363
   M00151Cytochrome bc1 complex respiratory unit41280281247295261
   M00152Cytochrome bc1 complex2179226
   M00154Cytochrome c oxidase218218
   M00155Cytochrome c oxidase, prokaryotes26761012777
   M00153Cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase17181718
   M00417Cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase22992299
   M00416Cytochrome aa3-600 menaquinol oxidase516516
   M00156Cytochrome c oxidase, cbb3-type23822382
   M00157F-type ATPase, prokaryotes and chloroplasts11981658284
   M00158F-type ATPase, eukaryotes18818206
   M00159V/A-type ATPase, prokaryotes284320604
   M00160V-type ATPase, eukaryotes592592
 Lipid metabolism
  Fatty acid metabolism
   M00082Fatty acid biosynthesis, initiation6861641832164287482
   M00083Fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation7011661863075748657
   M00873Fatty acid biosynthesis in mitochondria, animals276276
   M00874Fatty acid biosynthesis in mitochondria, fungi3737
   M00085Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria72069735
   M00415Fatty acid elongation in endoplasmic reticulum720157136391052
   M00086beta-Oxidation, acyl-CoA synthesis7381681986870912358498
   M00087beta-Oxidation734164532534324408
   M00861beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, VLCFA6863689
   M00885Meromycolic acid biosynthesis, initiation and elongation FAS II (KasA)177177
   M00886Meromycolic acid biosynthesis, initiation and elongation FAS II (KasA and KasB)8383
   M00887Mycolic acid biosynthesis, meromycolic acid + alpha-carboxyacyl-CoA + trehalose => TMM => TDM/mAGP/GMM389389
  Sterol biosynthesis
   M00101Cholesterol biosynthesis, FPP => cholesterol345345
   M00102Ergocalciferol biosynthesis, FPP => ergosterol/ergocalciferol138138
   M00917Phytosterol biosynthesis, squalene 2,3-epoxide => campesterol/sitosterol144144
   M00103Cholecalciferol biosynthesis385385
   M00104Bile acid biosynthesis, cholesterol => cholate/chenodeoxycholate3434
   M00106Conjugated bile acid biosynthesis, cholate => taurocholate/glycocholate165165
   M00862beta-Oxidation, peroxisome, tri/dihydroxycholestanoyl-CoA => choloyl/chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA281281
   M00107Steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol => pregnenolone => progesterone421421
   M00108C21-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, progesterone => corticosterone/aldosterone3131
   M00109C21-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, progesterone => cortisol/cortisone323323
   M00110C19/C18-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => androstenedione => estrone431431
   M00976C19-Steroid hormone biosynthesis, pregnenolone => testosterone => dihydrotestosterone455455
   M00977C19-Steroid hormone biosynthesis (androgen backdoor pathway), pregnenolone => androsterone => dihydrotestosterone172172
  Lipid metabolism
   M00088Ketone body biosynthesis, acetyl-CoA => acetoacetate/3-hydroxybutyrate/acetone1010
   M00089Triacylglycerol biosynthesis72516797191008
   M00098Acylglycerol degradation707167179143351402
   M00090Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, choline => PC65024674
   M00091Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis, PE => PC4753186231312362035
   M00092Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, ethanolamine => PE719162116481045
   M00093Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthesis, PA => PS => PE17962166395
   M00094Ceramide biosynthesis72115416511041
   M00066Lactosylceramide biosynthesis452452
   M00067Sulfoglycolipids biosynthesis, ceramide/1-alkyl-2-acylglycerol => sulfatide/seminolipid4601461
   M00099Sphingosine biosynthesis7211511101983
   M00100Sphingosine degradation673160180191032
   M00113Jasmonic acid biosynthesis152152
 Nucleotide metabolism
  Purine metabolism
   M00048De novo purine biosynthesis, PRPP + glutamine => IMP591144132177352328835
   M00049Adenine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => ADP,ATP7221541785376514069164
   M00050Guanine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, IMP => GDP,GTP7121621765476378741
   M00053Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, ADP/GDP/CDP/UDP => dATP/dGTP/dCTP/dUTP7261681905266851147935
   M00958Adenine ribonucleotide degradation, AMP => Urate69141926603401
   M00959Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP => Urate66617420932780
   M00546Purine degradation, xanthine => urea2171478696
  Pyrimidine metabolism
   M00051De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, glutamine (+ PRPP) => UMP6662146512173042340
   M00052Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthesis, UMP => UDP/UTP,CDP/CTP7261671815977774159325
   M00938Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis, UDP => dTTP642164150504906725984
   M00046Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => beta-alanine, thymine => 3-aminoisobutanoate699157510501911
   M00939Pyrimidine degradation, uracil => 3-hydroxypropanoate358358
 Amino acid metabolism
  Serine and threonine metabolism
   M00020Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine68516413395197206208
   M00018Threonine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => threonine163174470702637674
   M00621Glycine cleavage system6931651763064971797740
   M00555Betaine biosynthesis, choline => betaine5151541623583035
   M00974Betaine metabolism, animals, betaine => glycine484484
   M00975Betaine degradation, bacteria, betaine => pyruvate681681
   M00033Ectoine biosynthesis, aspartate => ectoine1108151123
   M00919Ectoine degradation, ectoine => aspartate367367
  Cysteine and methionine metabolism
   M00021Cysteine biosynthesis, serine => cysteine16812265991556946
   M00338Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine7232177131381192315
   M00609Cysteine biosynthesis, methionine => cysteine296296
   M00017Methionine biosynthesis, aspartate => homoserine => methionine126129393066
   M00034Methionine salvage pathway47015295138541584
   M00035Methionine degradation7172107151193242058
   M00368Ethylene biosynthesis, methionine => ethylene152152
  Branched-chain amino acid metabolism
   M00019Valine/isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => valine / 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine16018370902907723
   M00535Isoleucine biosynthesis, pyruvate => 2-oxobutanoate315178493
   M00570Isoleucine biosynthesis, threonine => 2-oxobutanoate => isoleucine15918265141487003
   M00432Leucine biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate => 2-oxoisocaproate160182172902967929
   M00036Leucine degradation, leucine => acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA606149113811362012
  Lysine metabolism
   M00016Lysine biosynthesis, succinyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine482914830
   M00525Lysine biosynthesis, acetyl-DAP pathway, aspartate => lysine519519
   M00526Lysine biosynthesis, DAP dehydrogenase pathway, aspartate => lysine6283631
   M00527Lysine biosynthesis, DAP aminotransferase pathway, aspartate => lysine161114831021747
   M00030Lysine biosynthesis, AAA pathway, 2-oxoglutarate => 2-aminoadipate => lysine161161
   M00433Lysine biosynthesis, 2-oxoglutarate => 2-oxoadipate17743220
   M00031Lysine biosynthesis, mediated by LysW, 2-aminoadipate => lysine63102165
   M00032Lysine degradation, lysine => saccharopine => acetoacetyl-CoA4821483
   M00956Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => succinate187187
   M00957Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => glutarate => succinate/acetyl-CoA187187
   M00960Lysine degradation, bacteria, L-lysine => D-lysine => succinate2929
  Arginine and proline metabolism
   M00028Ornithine biosynthesis, glutamate => ornithine165133362441386683
   M00763Ornithine biosynthesis, mediated by LysW, glutamate => ornithine167167
   M00844Arginine biosynthesis, ornithine => arginine469163181668763658060
   M00845Arginine biosynthesis, glutamate => acetylcitrulline => arginine163163
   M00029Urea cycle4235428
   M00978Ornithine-ammonia cycle9362938
   M00015Proline biosynthesis, glutamate => proline7181661852672501068451
   M00970Proline degradation, proline => glutamate699162114346212247245
   M00972Proline metabolism7131611111716012603
   M00047Creatine pathway4393442
   M00879Arginine succinyltransferase pathway, arginine => glutamate974974
  Polyamine biosynthesis
   M00133Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => agmatine => putrescine => spermidine1386931479
   M00134Polyamine biosynthesis, arginine => ornithine => putrescine712155188462764993964
   M00135GABA biosynthesis, eukaryotes, putrescine => GABA571373944
   M00136GABA biosynthesis, prokaryotes, putrescine => GABA208208
  Histidine metabolism
   M00026Histidine biosynthesis, PRPP => histidine214816434955755347
   M00045Histidine degradation, histidine => N-formiminoglutamate => glutamate51373447564023
  Aromatic amino acid metabolism
   M00022Shikimate pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose-4P => chorismate154182114707115065
   M00023Tryptophan biosynthesis, chorismate => tryptophan15717457563276414
   M00024Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => phenylpyruvate => phenylalanine112521432269
   M00910Phenylalanine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => phenylalanine1631164
   M00025Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => HPP => tyrosine16814811649
   M00040Tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate => arogenate => tyrosine1632557722
   M00042Catecholamine biosynthesis, tyrosine => dopamine => noradrenaline => adrenaline396396
   M00043Thyroid hormone biosynthesis, tyrosine => triiodothyronine/thyroxine4431444
   M00044Tyrosine degradation, tyrosine => homogentisate67915162119621865
   M00533Homoprotocatechuate degradation, homoprotocatechuate => 2-oxohept-3-enedioate584584
   M00037Melatonin biosynthesis, animals, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin396396
   M00936Melatonin biosynthesis, plants, tryptophan => serotonin => melatonin7171
   M00038Tryptophan metabolism, tryptophan => kynurenine => 2-aminomuconate474343520
  Other amino acid metabolism
   M00027GABA (gamma-Aminobutyrate) shunt704152179986162037
   M00369Cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis, tyrosine => dhurrin1111
   M00118Glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate => glutathione707164951362914597
   M00947D-Arginine racemization, D-arginine => L-arginine129129
   M00948Hydroxyproline degradation, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline => 2-oxoglutarate580580
   M00949Staphylopine biosynthesis, L-histidine => staphylopine125125
 Glycan metabolism
  Nucleotide sugar biosynthesis
   M00892UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, eukaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc725158180181081
   M00909UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, prokaryotes, Fru-6P => UDP-GlcNAc74743057779
   M01003UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, GlcNAc => UDP-GlcNAc6601534817
   M01002UDP-GalNAc biosynthesis, Fru-6P => UDP-GalNAc4747
   M00996UDP-MurNAc biosynthesis, anhMurNAc => UDP-MurNAc15161516
   M00995UDP-MurNAc biosynthesis, Fru-6P => UDP-MurNAc71997199
   M00549UDP-Glc biosynthesis, Glc => UDP-Glc734166188585376166538
   M01004UDP-Galf biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Galf1711122182338252532
   M00998UDP-L-Ara biosynthesis, L-Ala => UDP-L-Ala157157
   M00997UDP-Xyl/L-Ara biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-Xyl => UDP-L-Ala161241402
   M00994UDP-GlcA biosynthesis, myo-inositol => GlcA => UDP-GlcA1522154
   M00999UDP-GlcA/GalA biosynthesis, UDP-Glc => UDP-GlcA => UDP-GalA416410133182173390
   M00554UDP-Gal biosynthesis, Gal => UDP-Gal66321713463484347
   M01000GDP-Man biosynthesis, Fru-6P => GDP-Man7061611904049581906245
   M01001GDP-L-Fuc biosynthesis, L-Fuc => GDP-L-Fuc4781531860709
   M00923UDP-L-FucNAm biosynthesis, UDP-GlcNAc => UDP-L-FucNAm44
   M00955CMP-Neu5Ac/Neu5Gc biosynthesis, animals, UDP-GlcNAc => CMP-Neu5Ac => CMP-Neu5Gc438438
   M00922CMP-Neu5Ac biosynthesis, bacteria, UDP-GlcNAc => CMP-Neu5Ac126127
   M00063CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate biosynthesis, ribulose-5P => CMP-KDO372713729
   M00064ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis, sedoheptulose-7P => ADP-LDmanHep20592059
   M00761Undecaprenylphosphate alpha-L-Ara4N biosynthesis, UDP-GlcA => undecaprenyl phosphate alpha-L-Ara4N616616
   M00793dTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis, glucose-1P => dTDP-L-Rha5587193155797
  Glycan biosynthesis
   M00055N-glycan precursor biosynthesis528141902761
   M00072N-glycosylation by oligosaccharyltransferase62515616311955
   M00073N-glycan precursor trimming6371561422937
   M00074N-glycan biosynthesis, high-mannose type2020
   M00075N-glycan biosynthesis, complex type407407
   M00056O-glycan biosynthesis, mucin type core132132
   M00872O-glycan biosynthesis, mannose type (core M3)3831384
   M00065GPI-anchor biosynthesis, core oligosaccharide3021313328
   M00983GPI-anchor remodeling630630
   M00070Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, lacto-series, LacCer => Lc4Cer461461
   M00071Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, neolacto-series, LacCer => nLc4Cer456456
   M00068Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, globo-series, LacCer => Gb4Cer273273
   M00069Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, ganglio series, LacCer => GT3429429
  Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
   M00057Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, linkage tetrasaccharide6191620
   M00058Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, chondroitin sulfate backbone610610
   M00059Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, heparan sulfate backbone709709
   M00076Dermatan sulfate degradation496496
   M00077Chondroitin sulfate degradation478478
   M00078Heparan sulfate degradation472472
   M00079Keratan sulfate degradation505505
  Lipopolysaccharide metabolism
   M00060KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, LpxL-LpxM type857857
   M00866KDO2-lipid A biosynthesis, Raetz pathway, non-LpxL-LpxM type7171
   M00867KDO2-lipid A modification pathway5959
  Other polysaccharide metabolism
   M00888Galactofuranan biosynthesis, decaprenyl phosphate + UDP-GlcNAc (+ dTDP-Rha/UDP-Galf) => GL-5517517
 Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins
  Cofactor and vitamin metabolism
   M00127Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/tyrosine) => TMP/TPP7125717
   M00895Thiamine biosynthesis, prokaryotes, AIR (+ DXP/glycine) => TMP/TPP8484
   M00896Thiamine biosynthesis, archaea, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/TPP64295359
   M00897Thiamine biosynthesis, plants, AIR (+ NAD+) => TMP/thiamine/TPP129129
   M00898Thiamine biosynthesis, pyridoxal-5P => TMP/thiamine/TPP108108
   M00899Thiamine salvage pathway, HMP/HET => TMP154129201553230
   M00125Riboflavin biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD15426462800
   M00911Riboflavin biosynthesis, fungi, GTP => riboflavin/FMN/FAD151151
   M00124Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, erythrose-4P => pyridoxal-P12531253
   M00916Pyridoxal-P biosynthesis, R5P + glyceraldehyde-3P + glutamine => pyridoxal-P371661722926233853412
   M00115NAD biosynthesis, aspartate => quinolinate => NAD15155575708
   M00912NAD biosynthesis, tryptophan => quinolinate => NAD37165154491
   M00810Nicotine degradation, pyridine pathway, nicotine => 2,6-dihydroxypyridine/succinate semialdehyde78
   M00811Nicotine degradation, pyrrolidine pathway, nicotine => succinate semialdehyde1919
   M00622Nicotinate degradation, nicotinate => fumarate222222
   M00119Pantothenate biosynthesis, valine/L-aspartate => pantothenate31543154
   M00913Pantothenate biosynthesis, 2-oxoisovalerate/spermine => pantothenate4848
   M00120Coenzyme A biosynthesis, pantothenate => CoA63312949679408757
   M00914Coenzyme A biosynthesis, archaea, 2-oxoisovalerate => 4-phosphopantoate => CoA154154
   M00572Pimeloyl-ACP biosynthesis, BioC-BioH pathway, malonyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP16431643
   M00123Biotin biosynthesis, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin16312454992245308
   M00950Biotin biosynthesis, BioU pathway, pimeloyl-ACP/CoA => biotin12539164
   M00573Biotin biosynthesis, BioI pathway, long-chain-acyl-ACP => pimeloyl-ACP => biotin6666
   M00577Biotin biosynthesis, BioW pathway, pimelate => pimeloyl-CoA => biotin29623319
   M00881Lipoic acid biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-E2/H160226400126594
   M00882Lipoic acid biosynthesis, eukaryotes, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H6301601772969
   M00883Lipoic acid biosynthesis, animals and bacteria, octanoyl-ACP => dihydrolipoyl-H => dihydrolipoyl-E26105271137
   M00884Lipoic acid biosynthesis, octanoyl-CoA => dihydrolipoyl-E24141
   M00126Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, GTP => THF1326438434039
   M00840Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, mediated by ribA and trpF, GTP => THF114114
   M00841Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis, mediated by PTPS, GTP => THF1818
   M00842Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, GTP => BH46844688
   M00843L-threo-Tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis, GTP => L-threo-BH41717
   M00880Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, GTP => molybdenum cofactor6231481642613685416
   M00988PreQ1 biosynthesis, GTP => 7-Aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine4088114091
   M00140C1-unit interconversion, prokaryotes3191563247
   M00141C1-unit interconversion, eukaryotes725118816930
   M00846Siroheme biosynthesis, glutamyl-tRNA => siroheme283622838
   M00868Heme biosynthesis, animals and fungi, glycine => heme54915315717
   M00121Heme biosynthesis, plants and bacteria, glutamate => heme159435283691
   M00926Heme biosynthesis, bacteria, glutamyl-tRNA => coproporphyrin III => heme16331633
   M00847Heme biosynthesis, archaea, siroheme => heme180116296
   M00924Cobalamin biosynthesis, anaerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => sirohydrochlorin => cobyrinate a,c-diamide66155716
   M00925Cobalamin biosynthesis, aerobic, uroporphyrinogen III => precorrin 2 => cobyrinate a,c-diamide313313
   M00122Cobalamin biosynthesis, cobyrinate a,c-diamide => cobalamin26792679
   M00836Coenzyme F430 biosynthesis, sirohydrochlorin => coenzyme F4304747
   M00117Ubiquinone biosynthesis, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol17221722
   M00989Ubiquinone biosynthesis, O2-independent, prokaryotes, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => ubiquinol11911191
   M00128Ubiquinone biosynthesis, eukaryotes, 4-hydroxybenzoate + polyprenyl-PP => ubiquinone6331612796
   M00116Menaquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ polyprenyl-PP) => menaquinol12851285
   M00930Menaquinone biosynthesis, futalosine pathway500500
   M00931Menaquinone biosynthesis, modified futalosine pathway232232
   M00932Phylloquinone biosynthesis, chorismate (+ phytyl-PP) => phylloquinol14475219
   M00112Tocopherol/tocotorienol biosynthesis, homogentisate + phytyl/geranylgeranyl-PP => tocopherol/tocotorienol162484250
   M00933Plastoquinone biosynthesis, homogentisate + solanesyl-PP => plastoquinol1582160
 Biosynthesis of terpenoids and polyketides
  Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
   M00095C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway630149128871451031
   M00849C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway, archaea363363
   M00096C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway154526152774
   M00364C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, bacteria166639964364605
   M00365C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, archaea11524361589
   M00366C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants1611162
   M00367C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-plant eukaryotes67817815871
  Plant terpenoid biosynthesis
   M00097beta-Carotene biosynthesis, GGAP => beta-carotene14940189
   M00372Abscisic acid biosynthesis, beta-carotene => abscisic acid148148
   M00371Castasterone biosynthesis, campesterol => castasterone117117
   M00927Gibberellin A12 biosynthesis, GAPP => GA12143143
   M00928Gibberellin A4/A1 biosynthesis, GA12/GA53 => GA4/GA1153153
   M00929Gibberellin A1 biosynthesis, GGPP => GA112
  Macrolide biosynthesis
   M00773Tylosin biosynthesis, methylmalonyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => tylactone => tylosin12
   M00934Mycinamicin biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA + methylmalonyl-CoA => protomycinolide IV => mycinamicin II12
   M00774Erythromycin biosynthesis, propanoyl-CoA + methylmalonyl-CoA => deoxyerythronolide B => erythromycin A/B11
   M00775Oleandomycin biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA + methylmalonyl-CoA => 8,8a-deoxyoleandolide => oleandomycin12
   M00776Pikromycin/methymycin biosynthesis, methylmalonyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => narbonolide/10-deoxymethynolide => pikromycin/methymycin12
   M00777Avermectin biosynthesis, 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA/isobutyryl-CoA => 6,8a-Seco-6,8a-deoxy-5-oxoavermectin 1a/1b aglycone => avermectin A1a/B1a/A1b/B1b11
  Enediyne biosynthesis
   M008249-membered enediyne core biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 3-hydroxyhexadeca-4,6,8,10,12,14-hexaenoyl-ACP => 9-membered enediyne core4849
   M0082510-membered enediyne core biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 3-hydroxyhexadeca-4,6,8,10,12,14-hexaenoyl-ACP => 10-membered enediyne core12
   M00826C-1027 benzoxazolinate moiety biosynthesis, chorismate => benzoxazolinyl-CoA22
   M00827C-1027 beta-amino acid moiety biosynthesis, tyrosine => 3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxy-beta-phenylalanyl-PCP56
   M00828Maduropeptin beta-hydroxy acid moiety biosynthesis, tyrosine => 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanoyl-PCP45
   M008293,6-Dimethylsalicylyl-CoA biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 6-methylsalicylate => 3,6-dimethylsalicylyl-CoA89
   M00830Neocarzinostatin naphthoate moiety biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoate => 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-methyl-1-naphthoyl-CoA45
   M00831Kedarcidin 2-hydroxynaphthoate moiety biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => 3,6,8-trihydroxy-2-naphthoate => 3-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-6-isopropoxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA12
   M00832Kedarcidin 2-aza-3-chloro-beta-tyrosine moiety biosynthesis, azatyrosine => 2-aza-3-chloro-beta-tyrosyl-PCP12
   M00834Calicheamicin orsellinate moiety biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => orsellinate-ACP => 5-iodo-2,3-dimethoxyorsellinate-ACP23
   M00833Calicheamicin biosynthesis, calicheamicinone => calicheamicin23
  Type II polyketide biosynthesis
   M00778Type II polyketide backbone biosynthesis, acyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA => polyketide134135
   M00779Dihydrokalafungin biosynthesis, octaketide => dihydrokalafungin33
   M00780Tetracycline/oxytetracycline biosynthesis, pretetramide => tetracycline/oxytetracycline56
   M00823Chlortetracycline biosynthesis, pretetramide => chlortetracycline23
   M00781Nogalavinone/aklavinone biosynthesis, deoxynogalonate/deoxyaklanonate => nogalavinone/aklavinone1718
   M00782Mithramycin biosynthesis, 4-demethylpremithramycinone => mithramycin12
   M00783Tetracenomycin C/8-demethyltetracenomycin C biosynthesis, tetracenomycin F2 => tetracenomycin C/8-demethyltetracenomycin C11
   M00784Elloramycin biosynthesis, 8-demethyltetracenomycin C => elloramycin A12
  Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis
   M00794dTDP-6-deoxy-D-allose biosynthesis45
   M00795dTDP-beta-L-noviose biosynthesis45
   M00796dTDP-D-mycaminose biosynthesis22
   M00797dTDP-D-desosamine biosynthesis67
   M00798dTDP-L-mycarose biosynthesis67
   M00799dTDP-L-oleandrose biosynthesis11
   M00800dTDP-L-megosamine biosynthesis23
   M00801dTDP-L-olivose biosynthesis12
   M00802dTDP-D-forosamine biosynthesis45
   M00803dTDP-D-angolosamine biosynthesis12
 Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
  Biosynthesis of phytochemical compounds
   M00039Monolignol biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine => monolignol145145
   M00137Flavanone biosynthesis, phenylalanine => naringenin153153
   M00940Flavanone biosynthesis, p-coumaroyl-CoA => liquiritigenin4646
   M00138Flavonoid biosynthesis, naringenin => pelargonidin134134
   M00941Isoflavone biosynthesis, liquiritigenin/naringenin => daidzein/genistein1818
   M00942Pterocarpan biosynthesis, daidzein => medicarpin1717
   M00966Equol biosynthesis, daidzein => equol34
   M00967Flavone degradation, luteolin/apigenin => DHCA/phloretate88
   M00962Psilocybin biosynthesis, tryptophan => psilocybin23
   M00963Chanoclavine aldehyde biosynthesis, tryptophan => chanoclavine-I aldehyde77
   M00964Fumigaclavine biosynthesis, chanoclavine-I aldehyde => fumigaclavine C11
   M00981Geissoschizine biosynthesis, tryptophan => geissoschizine12
   M00979Ajmaline biosynthesis, geissoschizine => ajmaline12
   M00980Strychnine biosynthesis, geissoschizine => strychnine12
   M00965Vinblastine biosynthesis, geissoschizine => vinblastine12
   M00943Reticuline biosynthesis, dopamine + 4HPAA => (S)-reticuline12
   M00944Morphine biosynthesis, (S)-reticuline => morphine11
   M00945Sanguinarine biosynthesis, (S)-reticuline => sanguinarine12
   M00946Noscapine biosynthesis, (S)-reticuline => noscapine11
   M00961Betacyanin biosynthesis, L-tyrosine => amaranthin44
   M00370Glucosinolate biosynthesis, tryptophan => glucobrassicin99
   M00900Crocin biosynthesis, crocetin => crocin12
   M00971QS-7 biosynthesis, 2,3-epoxysqualene => QS-711
   M00894Cannabidiol biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => cannabidiol/dronabinol11
   M00953Mugineic acid biosynthesis, methionine => 3-epihydroxymugineic acid1717
   M00952Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, indoleglycerol phosphate => DIMBOA-glucoside11
   M00902Podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, coniferyl alcohol => podophyllotoxin12
  Biosynthesis of beta-lactams
   M00672Penicillin biosynthesis, aminoadipate + cycteine + valine => penicillin66
   M00673Cephamycin C biosynthesis, aminoadipate + cycteine + valine => cephamycin C55
   M00675Carbapenem-3-carboxylate biosynthesis, pyrroline-5-carboxylate + malonyl-CoA => carbapenem-3-carboxylate1818
   M00736Nocardicin A biosynthesis, L-pHPG + arginine + serine => nocardicin A56
   M00674Clavaminate biosynthesis, arginine + glyceraldehyde-3P => clavaminate1212
  Biosynthesis of other antibiotics
   M00877Kanosamine biosynthesis, glucose 6-phosphate => kanosamine7474
   M00889Puromycin biosynthesis, ATP => puromycin11
   M00815Validamycin A biosynthesis, sedoheptulopyranose-7P => validamycin A22
   M00904Dapdiamides biosynthesis, L-2,3-diaminopropanoate => dapdiamide A/B/C44
   M00787Bacilysin biosynthesis, prephenate => bacilysin6363
   M00785Cycloserine biosynthesis, arginine/serine => cycloserine12
   M00848Aurachin biosynthesis, anthranilate => aurachin A12
   M00788Terpentecin biosynthesis, GGAP => terpentecin12
   M00819Pentalenolactone biosynthesis, farnesyl-PP => pentalenolactone66
   M00903Fosfomycin biosynthesis, phosphoenolpyruvate => fosfomycin12
   M00890Roseoflavin biosynthesis, FMN => roseoflavin33
   M00951Cremeomycin biosynthesis, aspartate/3,4-AHBA => cremeomycin12
   M00969Fumagillin biosynthesis, farnesyl-PP => fumagillin11
  Biosynthesis of other fungal compounds
   M00661Paspaline biosynthesis, geranylgeranyl-PP + indoleglycerol phosphate => paspaline88
   M00786Fumitremorgin alkaloid biosynthesis, tryptophan + proline => fumitremorgin C/A11
   M00937Aflatoxin biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => aflatoxin B111
   M00893Lovastatin biosynthesis, malonyl-CoA => lovastatin acid12
   M00891Ditryptophenaline biosynthesis, tryptophan + phenylalanine => ditryptophenaline11
   M00901Fumiquinazoline biosynthesis, tryptophan + alanine + anthranilate => fumiquinazoline33
  Biosynthesis of other bacterial compounds
   M00814Acarbose biosynthesis, sedoheptulopyranose-7P => acarbose33
   M00789Rebeccamycin biosynthesis, tryptophan => rebeccamycin12
   M00790Pyrrolnitrin biosynthesis, tryptophan => pyrrolnitrin5455
   M00805Staurosporine biosynthesis, tryptophan => staurosporine67
   M00808Violacein biosynthesis, tryptophan => violacein1515
   M00835Pyocyanine biosynthesis, chorismate => pyocyanine2323
   M00837Prodigiosin biosynthesis, L-proline => prodigiosin2425
   M00838Undecylprodigiosin biosynthesis, L-proline => undecylprodigiosin1414
   M00921Cyclooctatin biosynthesis, dimethylallyl-PP + isopentenyl-PP => cyclooctatin1415
   M00905Grixazone biosynthesis, aspartate 4-semialdehyde => grixazone B55
   M00876Staphyloferrin A biosynthesis, L-ornithine => staphyloferrin A111111
   M00875Staphyloferrin B biosynthesis, L-serine => staphyloferrin B7474
   M00918Aerobactin biosynthesis, lysine => aerobactin207208
   M00906Ethynylserine biosynthesis, lysine => ethynylserine22
 Xenobiotics biodegradation
  Aromatics degradation
   M00538Toluene degradation, toluene => benzoate67
   M00537Xylene degradation, xylene => methylbenzoate45
   M00419Cymene degradation, p-cymene => p-cumate99
   M00547Benzene/toluene degradation, benzene => catechol / toluene => 3-methylcatechol89
   M00548Benzene degradation, benzene => catechol194195
   M00551Benzoate degradation, benzoate => catechol / methylbenzoate => methylcatechol662662
   M00637Anthranilate degradation, anthranilate => catechol239240
   M00568Catechol ortho-cleavage, catechol => 3-oxoadipate807807
   M00569Catechol meta-cleavage, catechol => acetyl-CoA / 4-methylcatechol => propanoyl-CoA305306
   M00539Cumate degradation, p-cumate => 2-oxopent-4-enoate + 2-methylpropanoate88
   M00543Biphenyl degradation, biphenyl => 2-oxopent-4-enoate + benzoate44
   M00544Carbazole degradation, carbazole => 2-oxopent-4-enoate + anthranilate1010
   M00418Toluene degradation, anaerobic, toluene => benzoyl-CoA78
   M00541Benzoyl-CoA degradation, benzoyl-CoA => 3-hydroxypimeloyl-CoA3031
   M00540Benzoate degradation, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid =>pimeloyl-CoA2323
   M00534Naphthalene degradation, naphthalene => salicylate89
   M00638Salicylate degradation, salicylate => gentisate7475
   M00624Terephthalate degradation, terephthalate => 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate55
   M00623Phthalate degradation, phthalate => protocatechuate7677
   M00636Phthalate degradation, phthalate => protocatechuate1010
   M00878Phenylacetate degradation, phenylaxetate => acetyl-CoA/succinyl-CoA203203
   M00545Trans-cinnamate degradation, trans-cinnamate => acetyl-CoA400400
   M00915Caffeine degradation, caffeine => xanthine34
Signature modules
 Gene set
  Pathogenicity
   M00852Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity signature, toxin coregulated pilus1010
   M00850Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity signature, cholera toxins77
   M00542EHEC/EPEC pathogenicity signature, T3SS and effectors1414
   M00363EHEC pathogenicity signature, Shiga toxin143045
   M00853ETEC pathogenicity signature, colonization factors22
   M00576ETEC pathogenicity signature, heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins22
   M00856Salmonella enterica pathogenicity signature, typhoid toxin77
   M00857Salmonella enterica pathogenicity signature, Vi antigen77
   M00575Pertussis pathogenicity signature, T1SS88
   M00574Pertussis pathogenicity signature, pertussis toxin1111
   M00564Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity signature, cagA pathogenicity island4545
   M00859Bacillus anthracis pathogenicity signature, anthrax toxin1212
   M00860Bacillus anthracis pathogenicity signature, polyglutamic acid capsule biosynthesis77
  Drug resistance
   M00851Carbapenem resistance190192
   M00625Methicillin resistance2222
   M00627beta-Lactam resistance, Bla system966966
   M00745Imipenem resistance, repression of porin OprD13991399
   M00651Vancomycin resistance, D-Ala-D-Lac type4242
   M00652Vancomycin resistance, D-Ala-D-Ser type3333
   M00704Tetracycline resistance, efflux pump Tet386868
   M00725Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, dltABCD operon9494
   M00726Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (L-PG) synthase MprF103103
   M00730Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, VraFG transporter7777
   M00744Cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance, protease PgtE5555
   M00718Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexAB-OprM3131
   M00639Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexCD-OprJ131131
   M00641Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexEF-OprN224224
   M00642Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexJK-OprM496496
   M00643Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexXY-OprM114114
   M00769Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MexPQ-OpmE2020
   M00649Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AdeABC209209
   M00696Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AcrEF-TolC259259
   M00697Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MdtEF-TolC8484
   M00698Multidrug resistance, efflux pump BpeEF-OprC372372
   M00700Multidrug resistance, efflux pump AbcA244244
   M00702Multidrug resistance, efflux pump NorB110110
   M00714Multidrug resistance, efflux pump QacA1515
   M00705Multidrug resistance, efflux pump MepA222222
   M00746Multidrug resistance, repression of porin OmpF4343
  Plant pathogenicity
   M00660Xanthomonas spp. pathogenicity signature, T3SS and effectors3434
  Symbiosis
   M00664Nodulation102102
 Module set
  Metabolic capacity
   M00611Oxygenic photosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria124183307
   M00612Anoxygenic photosynthesis in purple bacteria5151
   M00613Anoxygenic photosynthesis in green nonsulfur bacteria55
   M00614Anoxygenic photosynthesis in green sulfur bacteria1010
   M00617Methanogen129129
   M00618Acetogen5454
   M00615Nitrate assimilation1649451679592001
   M00616Sulfate-sulfur assimilation733563363

Last updated: April 4, 2025