Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM/CMH) is a primary myocardial disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance that is characterized by hypertrophy of the left ventricles with histological features of myocyte hypertrophy, myofibrillar disarray, and interstitial fibrosis. HCM is one of the most common inherited cardiac disorders, with a prevalence in young adults of 1 in 500. Hundreds of mutations in the genes that encode protein constituents of the sarcomere have been identified in HCM. These mutations increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments. Increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity is expected to increase the ATP utilization by actomyosin at submaximal Ca2+ concentrations, which might cause an imbalance in energy supply and demand in the heart under severe stress. The inefficient use of ATP suggests that an inability to maintain normal ATP levels could be the central abnormality. This theory might be supported by the discovery of the role of a mutant PRKAG2 gene in HCM, which in active form acts as a central sensing mechanism protecting cells from depletion of ATP supplies. The increase in the myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity well account for the diastolic dysfunction of model animals as well as human patients of HCM. It has been widely proposed that left ventricular hypertrophy is not a primary manifestation but develops as compensatory response to sarcomere dysfunction.
Category
Cardiovascular disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
11 Diseases of the circulatory system
Diseases of the myocardium or cardiac chambers
BC43 Cardiomyopathy
H00292 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06528 Calcium signaling
H00292 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Cellular process
nt06539 Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
H00292 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Blair E, Redwood C, Ashrafian H, Oliveira M, Broxholme J, Kerr B, Salmon A, Ostman-Smith I, Watkins H
Title
Mutations in the gamma(2) subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: evidence for the central role of energy compromise in disease pathogenesis.
Kimura A, Harada H, Park JE, Nishi H, Satoh M, Takahashi M, Hiroi S, Sasaoka T, Ohbuchi N, Nakamura T, Koyanagi T, Hwang TH, Choo JA, Chung KS, Hasegawa A, Nagai R, Okazaki O, Nakamura H, Matsuzaki M, Sakamoto T, Toshima H, Koga Y, Imaizumi T, Sasazuki T
Title
Mutations in the cardiac troponin I gene associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Geier C, Perrot A, Ozcelik C, Binner P, Counsell D, Hoffmann K, Pilz B, Martiniak Y, Gehmlich K, van der Ven PF, Furst DO, Vornwald A, von Hodenberg E, Nurnberg P, Scheffold T, Dietz R, Osterziel KJ
Title
Mutations in the human muscle LIM protein gene in families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
PLN-encoded phospholamban mutation in a large cohort of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cases: summary of the literature and implications for genetic testing.
Purevjav E, Arimura T, Augustin S, Huby AC, Takagi K, Nunoda S, Kearney DL, Taylor MD, Terasaki F, Bos JM, Ommen SR, Shibata H, Takahashi M, Itoh-Satoh M, McKenna WJ, Murphy RT, Labeit S, Yamanaka Y, Machida N, Park JE, Alexander PM, Weintraub RG, Kitaura Y, Ackerman MJ, Kimura A, Towbin JA
Title
Molecular basis for clinical heterogeneity in inherited cardiomyopathies due to myopalladin mutations.
Hayashi T, Arimura T, Itoh-Satoh M, Ueda K, Hohda S, Inagaki N, Takahashi M, Hori H, Yasunami M, Nishi H, Koga Y, Nakamura H, Matsuzaki M, Choi BY, Bae SW, You CW, Han KH, Park JE, Knoll R, Hoshijima M, Chien KR, Kimura A
Title
Tcap gene mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy.
Valdes-Mas R, Gutierrez-Fernandez A, Gomez J, Coto E, Astudillo A, Puente DA, Reguero JR, Alvarez V, Moris C, Leon D, Martin M, Puente XS, Lopez-Otin C
Title
Mutations in filamin C cause a new form of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Ochoa JP, Sabater-Molina M, Garcia-Pinilla JM, Mogensen J, Restrepo-Cordoba A, Palomino-Doza J, Villacorta E, Martinez-Moreno M, Ramos-Maqueda J, Zorio E, Pena-Pena ML, Garcia-Granja PE, Rodriguez-Palomares JF, Cardenas-Reyes IJ, de la Torre-Carpente MM, Bautista-Paves A, Akhtar MM, Cicerchia MN, Bilbao-Quesada R, Mogollon-Jimenez MV, Salazar-Mendiguchia J, Mesa Latorre JM, Arnaez B, Olavarri-Miguel I, Fuentes-Canamero ME, Lamounier A Jr, Perez Ruiz JM, Climent-Paya V, Perez-Sanchez I, Trujillo-Quintero JP, Lopes LR, Reparaz-Andrade A, Marin-Iglesias R, Rodriguez-Vilela A, Sandin-Fuentes M, Garrote JA, Cortel-Fuster A, Lopez-Garrido M, Fontalba-Romero A, Ripoll-Vera T, Llano-Rivas I, Fernandez-Fernandez X, Isidoro-Garcia M, Garcia-Giustiniani D, Barriales-Villa R, Ortiz-Genga M, Garcia-Pavia P, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Monserrat L
Title
Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (FHOD3) Is a Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
Hedberg-Oldfors C, Abramsson A, Osborn DPS, Danielsson O, Fazlinezhad A, Nilipour Y, Hubbert L, Nennesmo I, Visuttijai K, Bharj J, Petropoulou E, Shoreim A, Vona B, Ahangari N, Lopez MD, Doosti M, Banote RK, Maroofian R, Edling M, Taherpour M, Zetterberg H, Karimiani EG, Oldfors A, Jamshidi Y
Title
Cardiomyopathy with lethal arrhythmias associated with inactivation of KLHL24.
Distal myopathies (MPD) are a group of heterogeneous inherited primary muscle disorders classified into one broad category due to the presentation of weakness involving the distal skeletal muscles. Clinical presentation is characterized by progressive muscular weakness and atrophy beginning in the hands, forearm, lower legs or feet. Currently almost 20 different entities of distal muscular dystrophies have been genetically determined. Half of the genes have been associated with distal phenotypes only, whereas the other genes can manifest also with other than distal phenotypes. Most of the genes code for structural and functional components of the sarcomere. The genes responsible for the pathologically defined category of myofibrillar myopathy are frequently display a distal phenotype.
Category
Nervous system disease; Musculoskeletal disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
08 Diseases of the nervous system
Diseases of neuromuscular junction or muscle
Primary disorders of muscles
8C75 Distal myopathies
H00594 Distal myopathy
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Cellular process
nt06532 Autophagy
H00594 Distal myopathy
nt06536 Mitophagy
H00594 Distal myopathy
nt06539 Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
H00594 Distal myopathy
Liu J, Aoki M, Illa I, Wu C, Fardeau M, Angelini C, Serrano C, Urtizberea JA, Hentati F, Hamida MB, Bohlega S, Culper EJ, Amato AA, Bossie K, Oeltjen J, Bejaoui K, McKenna-Yasek D, Hosler BA, Schurr E, Arahata K, de Jong PJ, Brown RH Jr
Title
Dysferlin, a novel skeletal muscle gene, is mutated in Miyoshi myopathy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy.
Jaiswal JK, Marlow G, Summerill G, Mahjneh I, Mueller S, Hill M, Miyake K, Haase H, Anderson LV, Richard I, Kiuru-Enari S, McNeil PL, Simon SM, Bashir R
Title
Patients with a non-dysferlin Miyoshi myopathy have a novel membrane repair defect.
Eisenberg I, Avidan N, Potikha T, Hochner H, Chen M, Olender T, Barash M, Shemesh M, Sadeh M, Grabov-Nardini G, Shmilevich I, Friedmann A, Karpati G, Bradley WG, Baumbach L, Lancet D, Asher EB, Beckmann JS, Argov Z, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S
Title
The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene is mutated in recessive hereditary inclusion body myopathy.
Duff RM, Tay V, Hackman P, Ravenscroft G, McLean C, Kennedy P, Steinbach A, Schoffler W, van der Ven PFM, Furst DO, Song J, Djinovic-Carugo K, Penttila S, Raheem O, Reardon K, Malandrini A, Gambelli S, Villanova M, Nowak KJ, Williams DR, Landers JE, Brown RH Jr, Udd B, Laing NG
Title
Mutations in the N-terminal actin-binding domain of filamin C cause a distal myopathy.
Park HJ, Hong YB, Choi YC, Lee J, Kim EJ, Lee JS, Mo WM, Ki SM, Kim HI, Kim HJ, Hyun YS, Hong HD, Nam K, Jung SC, Kim SB, Kim SH, Kim DH, Oh KW, Kim SH, Yoo JH, Lee JE, Chung KW, Choi BO
Title
ADSSL1 mutation relevant to autosomal recessive adolescent onset distal myopathy.
Johari M, Sarparanta J, Vihola A, Jonson PH, Savarese M, Jokela M, Torella A, Piluso G, Said E, Vella N, Cauchi M, Magot A, Magri F, Mauri E, Kornblum C, Reimann J, Stojkovic T, Romero NB, Luque H, Huovinen S, Lahermo P, Donner K, Comi GP, Nigro V, Hackman P, Udd B
Title
Missense mutations in small muscle protein X-linked (SMPX) cause distal myopathy with protein inclusions.
Myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) is a group of genetically distinct disorders linked by common morphologic features observed on muscle histology. MFM is characterized by slowly progressive weakness that can involve both proximal and distal muscles. Distal muscle weakness is more pronounced than proximal weakness. All disease proteins identified to date are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the Z-disk. The pathology includes accumulations of these proteins irrespective of primary gene defect, suggesting that these share molecular pathways involved in actin dynamics organized by the Z-disk. Besides accumulations of these proteins, congophilic amyloid products of myofibrillar degradation and ectopic aggregation of dystrophin and gelsolin appear in abnormal myofibers.
Category
Nervous system disease; Musculoskeletal disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
08 Diseases of the nervous system
Diseases of neuromuscular junction or muscle
Primary disorders of muscles
8C76 Myofibrillar myopathy
H00595 Myofibrillar myopathies
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Cellular process
nt06539 Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
H00595 Myofibrillar myopathies
Hedberg-Oldfors C, Meyer R, Nolte K, Abdul Rahim Y, Lindberg C, Karason K, Thuestad IJ, Visuttijai K, Geijer M, Begemann M, Kraft F, Lausberg E, Hitpass L, Gotzl R, Luna EJ, Lochmuller H, Koschmieder S, Gramlich M, Gess B, Elbracht M, Weis J, Kurth I, Oldfors A, Knopp C
Title
Loss of supervillin causes myopathy with myofibrillar disorganization and autophagic vacuoles.
Weterman MA, Barth PG, van Spaendonck-Zwarts KY, Aronica E, Poll-The BT, Brouwer OF, van Tintelen JP, Qahar Z, Bradley EJ, de Wissel M, Salviati L, Angelini C, van den Heuvel L, Thomasse YE, Backx AP, Nurnberg G, Nurnberg P, Baas F
Title
Recessive MYL2 mutations cause infantile type I muscle fibre disease and cardiomyopathy.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is an uncommon heart muscle disorder characterized by impaired ventricular filling and increased stiffness of the myocardium with diastolic dysfunction, resulting in atrial enlargement and elevated systemic and pulmonary venous pressure. To date, mutations have been identified in the cardiac genes.
Category
Cardiovascular disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
11 Diseases of the circulatory system
Diseases of the myocardium or cardiac chambers
BC43 Cardiomyopathy
H01219 Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Cellular process
nt06539 Cytoskeleton in muscle cells
H01219 Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Purevjav E, Arimura T, Augustin S, Huby AC, Takagi K, Nunoda S, Kearney DL, Taylor MD, Terasaki F, Bos JM, Ommen SR, Shibata H, Takahashi M, Itoh-Satoh M, McKenna WJ, Murphy RT, Labeit S, Yamanaka Y, Machida N, Park JE, Alexander PM, Weintraub RG, Kitaura Y, Ackerman MJ, Kimura A, Towbin JA
Title
Molecular basis for clinical heterogeneity in inherited cardiomyopathies due to myopalladin mutations.
