Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by short stature, craniofacial dysmorphism, congenital cardiac defects, cryptorchidism in men, coagulation defects, and neurocognitive delay. In addition, individuals with NS have an increased risk of developing cancer. NS is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode components or regulators of the Ras/MAPK pathway. Heterozygous, pathogenic variants in 9 known genes account for approximately 80% of cases. The most common gene associated with NS is PTPN11, which accounts for approximately 50% of all cases.
Category
Congenital malformation
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
20 Developmental anomalies
Multiple developmental anomalies or syndromes
LD2F Syndromes with multiple structural anomalies, without predominant body system involvement
H01738 Noonan syndrome
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06526 MAPK signaling
H01738 Noonan syndrome
Tartaglia M, Mehler EL, Goldberg R, Zampino G, Brunner HG, Kremer H, van der Burgt I, Crosby AH, Ion A, Jeffery S, Kalidas K, Patton MA, Kucherlapati RS, Gelb BD
Title
Mutations in PTPN11, encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, cause Noonan syndrome.
Johnston JJ, van der Smagt JJ, Rosenfeld JA, Pagnamenta AT, Alswaid A, Baker EH, Blair E, Borck G, Brinkmann J, Craigen W, Dung VC, Emrick L, Everman DB, van Gassen KL, Gulsuner S, Harr MH, Jain M, Kuechler A, Leppig KA, McDonald-McGinn DM, Can NTB, Peleg A, Roeder ER, Rogers RC, Sagi-Dain L, Sapp JC, Schaffer AA, Schanze D, Stewart H, Taylor JC, Verbeek NE, Walkiewicz MA, Zackai EH, Zweier C, Zenker M, Lee B, Biesecker LG
Title
Autosomal recessive Noonan syndrome associated with biallelic LZTR1 variants.
Schubbert S, Zenker M, Rowe SL, Boll S, Klein C, Bollag G, van der Burgt I, Musante L, Kalscheuer V, Wehner LE, Nguyen H, West B, Zhang KY, Sistermans E, Rauch A, Niemeyer CM, Shannon K, Kratz CP
Yamamoto GL, Aguena M, Gos M, Hung C, Pilch J, Fahiminiya S, Abramowicz A, Cristian I, Buscarilli M, Naslavsky MS, Malaquias AC, Zatz M, Bodamer O, Majewski J, Jorge AA, Pereira AC, Kim CA, Passos-Bueno MR, Bertola DR
Title
Rare variants in SOS2 and LZTR1 are associated with Noonan syndrome.
Motta M, Pannone L, Pantaleoni F, Bocchinfuso G, Radio FC, Cecchetti S, Ciolfi A, Di Rocco M, Elting MW, Brilstra EH, Boni S, Mazzanti L, Tamburrino F, Walsh L, Payne K, Fernandez-Jaen A, Ganapathi M, Chung WK, Grange DK, Dave-Wala A, Reshmi SC, Bartholomew DW, Mouhlas D, Carpentieri G, Bruselles A, Pizzi S, Bellacchio E, Piceci-Sparascio F, Lissewski C, Brinkmann J, Waclaw RR, Waisfisz Q, van Gassen K, Wentzensen IM, Morrow MM, Alvarez S, Martinez-Garcia M, De Luca A, Memo L, Zampino G, Rossi C, Seri M, Gelb BD, Zenker M, Dallapiccola B, Stella L, Prada CE, Martinelli S, Flex E, Tartaglia M
Title
Enhanced MAPK1 Function Causes a Neurodevelopmental Disorder within the RASopathy Clinical Spectrum.
Motta M, Fasano G, Gredy S, Brinkmann J, Bonnard AA, Simsek-Kiper PO, Gulec EY, Essaddam L, Utine GE, Guarnetti Prandi I, Venditti M, Pantaleoni F, Radio FC, Ciolfi A, Petrini S, Consoli F, Vignal C, Hepbasli D, Ullrich M, de Boer E, Vissers LELM, Gritli S, Rossi C, De Luca A, Ben Becher S, Gelb BD, Dallapiccola B, Lauri A, Chillemi G, Schuh K, Cave H, Zenker M, Tartaglia M
Title
SPRED2 loss-of-function causes a recessive Noonan syndrome-like phenotype.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare clonal hematopoietic disorder of early childhood with features characteristic of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders. Recent studies have shown that abnormal proliferation is due to aberrant signal transduction resulting from mutations in components of the RAS-signaling pathway.
Category
Cancer
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
02 Neoplasms
Neoplasms of haematopoietic or lymphoid tissues
Myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms
2A42 Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia
H02541 Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06526 MAPK signaling
H02541 Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Borkhardt A, Bojesen S, Haas OA, Fuchs U, Bartelheimer D, Loncarevic IF, Bohle RM, Harbott J, Repp R, Jaeger U, Viehmann S, Henn T, Korth P, Scharr D, Lampert F
Title
The human GRAF gene is fused to MLL in a unique t(5;11)(q31;q23) and both alleles are disrupted in three cases of myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia with a deletion 5q.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor originating from thyroid parafollicular C cells and accounts for only <5% of thyroid cancers, but it causes a disproportionate number of thyroid cancer deaths due to its more aggressive clinical behavior compared with well-differentiated papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. A subset of MTC cases is hereditary and due to germline mutations in the RET tyrosine kinase receptor gene. Somatic mutations in either RET or RAS are also present in most sporadic tumors. In MTC, RET mutations lead to substrate-independent dimerization of the receptor causing constitutive activation, unrestricted signaling, and ultimately, cancer.
Category
Cancer
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
02 Neoplasms
Malignant neoplasms, except primary neoplasms of lymphoid, haematopoietic, central nervous system or related tissues
Malignant neoplasms, stated or presumed to be primary, of specified sites, except of lymphoid, haematopoietic, central nervous system or related tissues
Malignant neoplasms of endocrine glands
2D10 Malignant neoplasms of thyroid gland
H01592 Medullary thyroid cancer
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06526 MAPK signaling
H01592 Medullary thyroid cancer
Tumor markers [br08442.html]
H01592
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by short stature, a characteristic face, cardiac defects, developmental delay and mental retardation. Affected individuals present with ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse, friable hair, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and a generalized ichthyosis-like condition. Typical facial characteristics include high forehead, down-slanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, and posteriorly angulated ears. CFC can be caused by mutations in BRAF, KRAS, MEK1, and MEK2, encoding components of the RAS-MAPK pathway.
Category
Congenital malformation
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
20 Developmental anomalies
Multiple developmental anomalies or syndromes
LD2F Syndromes with multiple structural anomalies, without predominant body system involvement
H01745 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Signal transduction
nt06526 MAPK signaling
H01745 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
