KEGG   PATHWAY: cbrc04916
Entry
cbrc04916                   Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crow)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
cbrc04916  Melanogenesis
cbrc04916

Organism
Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crow) [GN:cbrc]
Gene
103611322  WNT10A; protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
103611353  [KO:K02183]
103611405  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103611623  CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
103611915  WNT1; proto-oncogene Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
103611920  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103612112  CALM1; calmodulin [KO:K02183]
103612347  FZD1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
103612622  FZD7; frizzled-7 [KO:K02432]
103612625  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
103612948  FZD6; frizzled-6 [KO:K02376]
103613086  WNT7B; protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
103613141  EDN1; endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
103613258  [KO:K04634]
103613285  FZD3; frizzled-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
103613830  WNT11; protein Wnt-11 isoform X1 [KO:K01384]
103614017  GSK3B; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
103614056  [KO:K00408]
103614095  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103614284  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
103614398  WNT5A; protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
103614469  DCT; L-dopachrome tautomerase isoform X1 [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
103614604  TYRP1; 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
103614663  WNT8A; protein Wnt-8a [KO:K00714]
103614692  TCF7; transcription factor 7 [KO:K02620]
103614854  WNT2; protein Wnt-2 [KO:K00182]
103615516  PRKCB; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103615789  CTNNB1; catenin beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02105]
103616000  FZD10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
103616104  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
103616186  WNT4; protein Wnt-4 isoform X1 [KO:K00408]
103616275  TCF7L2; transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X3 [KO:K04491]
103616457  [KO:K04634]
103616515  CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
103616605  FZD5; frizzled-5 [KO:K02375]
103616712  FZD4; frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
103616715  TYR; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
103617392  LEF1; lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
103617696  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X3 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
103617997  GNAS; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
103618244  EP300; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone acetyltransferase p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
103618341  FZD9; frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
103618790  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103619007  ASIP; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: agouti-signaling protein [KO:K08725]
103619207  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103619467  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
103619590  CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103619683  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103619856  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
103619915  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103620084  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
103620194  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103620244  TCF7L1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: transcription factor 7-like 1 [KO:K04490]
103620296  GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
103620297  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103620357  WNT2B; protein Wnt-2b [KO:K00182]
103620491  CREBBP; CREB-binding protein [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
103620492  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103620698  HRAS; GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
103620750  CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103621173  CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
103621207  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
103622098  WNT16; protein Wnt-16 [KO:K01558]
103622218  KITLG; kit ligand [KO:K05461]
103622310  DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 [KO:K02353]
103622351  [KO:K04198]
103622552  KIT; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
103622673  WNT3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
103622681  FZD2; frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
103622698  WNT9B; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
103622754  CALM2; calmodulin [KO:K02183]
103622983  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103623017  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103623312  [KO:K01384]
103623350  KRAS; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
103623407  [KO:K04630]
103623540  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
103623917  WNT9A; protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
103623918  WNT3A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
103624365  MITF; microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform X2 [KO:K09455]
103624416  [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103624420  EDNRB; endothelin B receptor [KO:K04198]
103624446  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
103624472  WNT8B; protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
103624690  WNT5B; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
103624745  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
103625128  DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X2 [KO:K02353]
103625276  NRAS; GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
103625542  WNT6; protein Wnt-6 [KO:K00445]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
cbrc00350  Tyrosine metabolism
cbrc04010  MAPK signaling pathway
cbrc04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   

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