Entry
Name
Thyroid hormone synthesis - Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)
Description
Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are essential for normal development, growth and metabolic homeostasis in all vertebrates, and synthesized in the thyroid gland. The functional unit of the thyroid gland is the follicle, delimited by a monolayer of thyrocytes. Polarized thyrocytes surround the follicular lumen; with their basal and apical surfaces facing the bloodstream and the lumen, respectively. To synthesize thyroid hormones, thyrocytes take up iodide at their basal side and concentrate it into the lumen. They also secrete in this lumen the specialized protein thyroglobulin (TG) which serves as a store for the hormones. In the follicular lumen oxidation of iodine, iodination of tyrosines (MIT, 3-monoiodotyrosine; DIT, 3,5-diiodotyrosine) and coupling of iodotyrosines takes place on tyrosine residues in TG, resulting in T3 and T4 synthesis. Iodinated TG is resorbed through the apical membrane and degraded to form T3/T4 in lysosomes; the T3/T4 is then secreted through the basal membrane.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Other DBs
Organism
Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster) [GN:
cge ]
Gene
100689067 Gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632 ]
100689066 Gnaq; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
100760134 Plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100770957 Plcb4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100751979 Plcb1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X2 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
100769758 Ttf2; transcription termination factor 2 [KO:K15173 ] [EC:5.6.2.-]
100761582 Creb1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870 ]
100754663 Atf2; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 isoform X1 [KO:K04450 ]
100689386 Atf4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374 ]
100762192 Creb3l1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X2 [KO:K09048 ]
100771872 Creb3l2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K09048 ]
100766300 Creb3l4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
100774488 Creb3l3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
100772940 Creb3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 [KO:K09048 ]
100764159 Creb5; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 5 [KO:K09047 ]
100767112 Atf6b; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 beta isoform X2 [KO:K09049 ]
100763164 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K10063 ]
100764450 Itpr1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X9 [KO:K04958 ]
100758965 Itpr2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X2 [KO:K04959 ]
100751775 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X3 [KO:K04960 ]
100758209 Atp1a3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 isoform X2 [KO:K01539 ] [EC:7.2.2.13 ]
100765669 Atp1b3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X2 [KO:K01540 ]
100760718 Atp1b1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540 ]
100757379 Atp1b2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X2 [KO:K01540 ]
100771061 Fxyd2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma [KO:K01538 ]
100772030 Lrp2; low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 [KO:K06233 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Ahad F, Ganie SA
Title
Iodine, Iodine metabolism and Iodine deficiency disorders revisited.
Journal
Indian J Endocrinol Metab 14:13-7 (2010)
Reference
Authors
Gillam MP, Kopp P
Title
Genetic defects in thyroid hormone synthesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rokita SE, Adler JM, McTamney PM, Watson JA Jr
Title
Efficient use and recycling of the micronutrient iodide in mammals.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Massart C, Hoste C, Virion A, Ruf J, Dumont JE, Van Sande J
Title
Cell biology of H2O2 generation in the thyroid: investigation of the control of dual oxidases (DUOX) activity in intact ex vivo thyroid tissue and cell lines.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Bizhanova A, Kopp P
Title
Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fong P
Title
Thyroid iodide efflux: a team effort?
Journal
Reference
Authors
Song Y, Driessens N, Costa M, De Deken X, Detours V, Corvilain B, Maenhaut C, Miot F, Van Sande J, Many MC, Dumont JE
Title
Roles of hydrogen peroxide in thyroid physiology and disease.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kohn LD, Suzuki K, Nakazato M, Royaux I, Green ED
Title
Effects of thyroglobulin and pendrin on iodide flux through the thyrocyte.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Marino M, McCluskey RT
Title
Role of thyroglobulin endocytic pathways in the control of thyroid hormone release.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM
Title
Molecular advances in thyroglobulin disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
De La Vieja A, Dohan O, Levy O, Carrasco N
Title
Molecular analysis of the sodium/iodide symporter: impact on thyroid and extrathyroid pathophysiology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Ohye H, Sugawara M
Title
Dual oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and thyroid diseases.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Targovnik HM, Esperante SA, Rivolta CM
Title
Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism and goiter due to thyroglobulin mutations.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Grasberger H
Title
Defects of thyroidal hydrogen peroxide generation in congenital hypothyroidism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Arvan P, Kim PS, Kuliawat R, Prabakaran D, Muresan Z, Yoo SE, Abu Hossain S
Title
Intracellular protein transport to the thyrocyte plasma membrane: potential implications for thyroid physiology.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vono-Toniolo J, Kopp P
Title
Thyroglobulin gene mutations and other genetic defects associated with congenital hypothyroidism.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Vitale G, Salvioli S, Franceschi C
Title
Oxidative stress and the ageing endocrine system.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Calebiro D, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ
Title
Imaging of persistent cAMP signaling by internalized G protein-coupled receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Newman CM, Price A, Davies DW, Gray TA, Weetman AP
Title
Amiodarone and the thyroid: a practical guide to the management of thyroid dysfunction induced by amiodarone therapy.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
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