KEGG   PATHWAY: dro04974
Entry
dro04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Desmodus rotundus (common vampire bat)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
dro04974  Protein digestion and absorption
dro04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Desmodus rotundus (common vampire bat) [GN:dro]
Gene
112317306  pepsin A [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
112317361  pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
112299912  PRSS2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: trypsin-2 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
112300682  CTRB1; chymotrypsinogen B isoform X1 [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
112300813  CTRL; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
112299499  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
112299561  proproteinase E-like [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
112299888  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
112299887  CPA2; carboxypeptidase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
112300968  CPA3; mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
112300986  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
112310676  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 isoform X1 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
112321037  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12040]
112321474  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
112315807  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
112320186  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
112313776  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
112317734  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
112310823  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
112308526  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
112301115  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
112298654  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
112314310  FXYD2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
112312881  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
112302228  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
112316002  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
112317429  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
112318310  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14207]
112306866  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
112302481  MEP1A; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
112322891  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
112313373  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
112315987  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
112322239  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
112310835  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
112299771  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
112312819  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) isoform X1 [KO:K05616]
112297967  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
112311468  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
112312910  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
112321106  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
112317268  4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain-like [KO:K06519]
112317101  4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain-like [KO:K06519]
112301394  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
112319732  SLC36A1; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
112319645  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
112321581  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
112319473  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K14209]
112297230  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
112297953  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
112320199  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
112301511  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
112319841  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain [KO:K06236]
112316389  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain [KO:K06236]
112318365  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19719]
112307967  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
112321420  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
112321451  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
112296845  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
112296867  COL4A6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-6(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
112307731  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
112307910  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
112313513  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
112301560  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain [KO:K19721]
112302139  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
112306267  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
112306307  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
112309138  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
112307813  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain [KO:K19721]
112308001  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
112309881  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
112309556  collagen alpha-4(VI) chain-like [KO:K06238]
112309687  COL6A6; collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
112306524  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
112306535  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
112309851  COL7A1; collagen alpha-1(VII) chain [KO:K16628]
112302606  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K23455]
112298985  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
112299197  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
112319309  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08131]
112303890  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
112297027  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
112319322  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain [KO:K08132]
112305348  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain [KO:K16617]
112315600  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain [KO:K08133]
112304370  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain [KO:K08135]
112299302  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain [KO:K24339]
112300336  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain [KO:K07603]
112306441  COL18A1; collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain [KO:K06823]
112319301  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
112303895  COL20A1; collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
112302235  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16629]
112315566  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain [KO:K16630]
112320379  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain [KO:K24355]
112321425  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24356]
112315010  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24358]
112319797  COL28A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
dro00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
dro04530  Tight junction
dro04971  Gastric acid secretion
dro04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   
LinkDB

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