KEGG   PATHWAY: mcc04974
Entry
mcc04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
mcc04974  Protein digestion and absorption
mcc04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) [GN:mcc]
Gene
694706  pepsin A-2/A-3 [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
694562  PGA4; pepsin A precursor [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
106996192  pepsin A-1 [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
100428154  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: pepsin F-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
694646  pepsin A-4 [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
698352  PRSS2; trypsin-2 precursor [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
698729  PRSS1; trypsin-1 precursor [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
716882  putative trypsin-6 isoform X1 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
698859  putative trypsin-6 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
114677048  trypsin-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
114677057  trypsin-3-like [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
699109  putative trypsin-6 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
713851  chymotrypsinogen B [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
711100  CTRB2; chymotrypsinogen B2 precursor [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
701625  CTRL; chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 isoform X2 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
694691  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
106992406  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2B [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
114674066  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
114674067  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
114675932  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
100426744  chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 2A [KO:K01346] [EC:3.4.21.71]
574236  CELA3B; chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B precursor [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
703095  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
706684  CPA2; carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
712564  CPA3; mast cell carboxypeptidase A isoform X1 [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
712639  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
703317  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 isoform X1 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
708641  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 [KO:K12040]
574257  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
710368  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
720191  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
706513  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
719623  ATP1A4; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
716093  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
700443  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
696160  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 [KO:K01540]
716682  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
704049  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K01538]
712383  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
719563  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
718902  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
721211  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
713741  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform X1 [KO:K05006]
702253  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14207]
707667  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
704781  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
707036  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
712790  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 precursor [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
701305  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase precursor [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
654491  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
701972  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
694947  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
716843  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
718243  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
574193  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 precursor [KO:K05849]
713061  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X2 [KO:K05849]
100424683  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 isoform X1 [KO:K05334]
722218  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K06519]
713511  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 [KO:K13781]
713630  SLC36A1; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
696671  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
713439  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
713509  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
696132  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
714035  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
703081  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
712466  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
574132  ELN; elastin isoform X1 [KO:K14211]
574201  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06236]
700359  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain precursor [KO:K06236]
704851  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain isoform X2 [KO:K19719]
574131  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain precursor [KO:K19720]
708287  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
700281  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
703707  COL4A6; collagen alpha-6(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
100429807  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
703814  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
712444  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
722014  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
712935  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
711418  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
712753  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
718050  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain isoform X2 [KO:K19721]
711713  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
708556  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
721855  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
694701  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain isoform X4 [KO:K06238]
709493  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain isoform X2 [KO:K06238]
719319  COL6A6; collagen alpha-6(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
693357  collagen alpha-4(VI) chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
719331  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
100423514  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain isoform X3 [KO:K23455]
713447  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
694248  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain isoform X2 [KO:K08131]
719943  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain isoform X2 [KO:K08131]
714809  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain isoform X4 [KO:K08131]
716223  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain precursor [KO:K19479]
717820  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08132]
716986  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16617]
702878  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08133]
715003  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08135]
706149  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24339]
721919  COL18A1; collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06823]
716948  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24340]
719698  COL20A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
114675481  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XX) chain-like [KO:K24357]
712070  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16629]
100425803  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain [KO:K16630]
709456  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24355]
697122  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain isoform X3 [KO:K24356]
719721  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24358]
106997530  COL28A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
mcc00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
mcc04530  Tight junction
mcc04971  Gastric acid secretion
mcc04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   
LinkDB

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