KEGG   PATHWAY: rlu00680
Entry
rlu00680                    Pathway                                
Name
Methane metabolism - Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii CB782
Description
Methane is metabolized principally by methanotrophs and methanogens in the global carbon cycle. Methanotrophs consume methane as the only source of carbon, while methanogens produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Methylotrophs, which are microorganisms that can obtain energy for growth by oxidizing one-carbon compounds, such as methanol and methane, are situated between methanotrophs and methanogens. Methanogens can obtain energy for growth by converting a limited number of substrates to methane under anaerobic conditions. Three types of methanogenic pathways are known: CO2 to methane [MD:M00567], methanol to methane [MD:M00356], and acetate to methane [MD:M00357]. Methanogens use 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (CoM; coenzyme M) as the terminal methyl carrier in methanogenesis and have four enzymes for CoM biosynthesis [MD:M00358]. Coenzyme B-Coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase (Hdr), requiring for the final reaction steps of methanogenic pathway, is divided into two types: cytoplasmic HdrABC in most methanogens and membrane-bound HdrED in Methanosarcina species. In methanotrophs and methyltrophs methane is oxidized to form formaldehyde, which is at the diverging point for further oxidation to CO2 for energy source and assimilation for biosynthesis. There are three pathways that convert formaldehyde to C2 or C3 compounds: serine pathway [MD:M00346], ribulose monophosphate pathway [MD:M00345], and xylulose monophosphate pathway [MD:M00344]. The first two pathways are found in prokaryotes and the third is found in yeast. As a special case of methylotrophs, various amines can be used as carbon sources in trimethylamine metabolism [MD:M00563].
Class
Metabolism; Energy metabolism
Pathway map
rlu00680  Methane metabolism
rlu00680

Module
rlu_M00020  Serine biosynthesis, glycerate-3P => serine [PATH:rlu00680]
Other DBs
GO: 0015947
Organism
Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii CB782 [GN:rlu]
Gene
RLEG12_05380  aldehyde dismutase [KO:K00148] [EC:1.2.1.46]
RLEG12_10940  aldehyde-activating protein [KO:K03396] [EC:4.4.1.22]
RLEG12_20685  alcohol dehydrogenase [KO:K00121] [EC:1.1.1.284 1.1.1.1]
RLEG12_10930  alcohol dehydrogenase [KO:K00121] [EC:1.1.1.284 1.1.1.1]
RLEG12_10935  S-formylglutathione hydrolase [KO:K01070] [EC:3.1.2.12]
RLEG12_29625  formate dehydrogenase subunit alpha [KO:K00123] [EC:1.17.1.9]
RLEG12_29630  formate dehydrogenase subunit beta [KO:K00124]
RLEG12_29635  formate dehydrogenase subunit gamma [KO:K00127]
RLEG12_29615  formate dehydrogenase subunit delta [KO:K00126] [EC:1.17.1.9]
RLEG12_16930  serine hydroxymethyltransferase [KO:K00600] [EC:2.1.2.1]
RLEG12_18455  TtuD3 hydroxypyruvate reductase [KO:K11529] [EC:2.7.1.165]
RLEG12_19485  eno; enolase [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11]
RLEG12_29865  malate dehydrogenase [KO:K00024] [EC:1.1.1.37]
RLEG12_27705  fructose-bisphosphate aldolase [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13]
RLEG12_04670  aldolase [KO:K11645] [EC:4.1.2.13]
RLEG12_12680  aldolase [KO:K11645] [EC:4.1.2.13]
RLEG12_01995  potassium transporter [KO:K18277] [EC:1.14.13.148]
RLEG12_01950  glutamine amidotransferase [KO:K22081] [EC:2.1.1.21]
RLEG12_01955  protein glxC [KO:K22082] [EC:2.1.1.21]
RLEG12_01960  glutamate synthase [KO:K22083] [EC:2.1.1.21]
RLEG12_01935  sarcosine oxidase subunit beta [KO:K22084] [EC:1.5.99.5]
RLEG12_01930  sarcosine oxidase subunit delta [KO:K22085] [EC:1.5.99.5]
RLEG12_01925  sarcosine oxidase subunit alpha [KO:K22086] [EC:1.5.99.5]
RLEG12_01920  sarcosine oxidase subunit gamma [KO:K22087] [EC:1.5.99.5]
RLEG12_27375  acetate kinase [KO:K00925] [EC:2.7.2.1]
RLEG12_29140  AMP-dependent synthetase [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
RLEG12_09890  acetyl-CoA synthetase [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
RLEG12_31200  acetyl-CoA synthetase [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
RLEG12_21365  phosphoglycerate mutase [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
RLEG12_32180  phosphoglyceromutase [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
RLEG12_27445  3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [KO:K00058] [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399]
RLEG12_11060  dehydrogenase [KO:K00058] [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399]
RLEG12_27450  phosphoserine aminotransferase [KO:K00831] [EC:2.6.1.52]
RLEG12_23805  phosphoserine phosphatase [KO:K01079] [EC:3.1.3.3]
RLEG12_00810  hypothetical protein [KO:K07144] [EC:2.7.4.31]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00022  Pyruvate
C00024  Acetyl-CoA
C00033  Acetate
C00036  Oxaloacetate
C00037  Glycine
C00048  Glyoxylate
C00058  Formate
C00065  L-Serine
C00067  Formaldehyde
C00074  Phosphoenolpyruvate
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00085  D-Fructose 6-phosphate
C00101  Tetrahydrofolate
C00111  Glycerone phosphate
C00118  D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C00132  Methanol
C00143  5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate
C00149  (S)-Malate
C00168  Hydroxypyruvate
C00184  Glycerone
C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00199  D-Ribulose 5-phosphate
C00218  Methylamine
C00227  Acetyl phosphate
C00231  D-Xylulose 5-phosphate
C00237  CO
C00258  D-Glycerate
C00322  2-Oxoadipate
C00354  D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C00483  Tyramine
C00543  Dimethylamine
C00565  Trimethylamine
C00593  Sulfoacetaldehyde
C00631  2-Phospho-D-glycerate
C00862  Methanofuran
C00876  Coenzyme F420
C01001  Formylmethanofuran
C01005  O-Phospho-L-serine
C01031  S-Formylglutathione
C01046  N-Methyl-L-glutamate
C01080  Reduced coenzyme F420
C01104  Trimethylamine N-oxide
C01217  5,6,7,8-Tetrahydromethanopterin
C01274  5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
C01438  Methane
C03232  3-Phosphonooxypyruvate
C03576  Coenzyme M
C03920  2-(Methylthio)ethanesulfonate
C04330  5,10-Methenyltetrahydromethanopterin
C04348  L-Malyl-CoA
C04377  5,10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin
C04488  5-Methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin
C04628  Coenzyme B
C04732  5-Amino-6-(1-D-ribitylamino)uracil
C04832  Coenzyme M 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine-phosphate heterodisulfide
C05528  3-Sulfopyruvate
C06019  D-arabino-Hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate
C11536  (2R)-O-Phospho-3-sulfolactate
C11537  (2R)-3-Sulfolactate
C14180  S-(Hydroxymethyl)glutathione
C16583  (R)-(Homo)2-citrate
C16588  2-Oxopimelate
C16589  2-Oxosuberate
C16590  7-Oxoheptanoic acid
C16593  7-Mercaptoheptanoic acid
C16594  7-Mercaptoheptanoylthreonine
C16597  (-)-threo-Iso(homo)2-citrate
C16598  (R)-(Homo)3-citrate
C16600  (-)-threo-Iso(homo)3-citrate
C18799  5-Methyl-H4SPT
C18802  Tetrahydrosarcinapterin
C19151  Coenzyme F420-3
C19152  Coenzyme F420-1
C19153  Coenzyme F420-0
C19154  7,8-Didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin
C19155  (2S)-Lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine
C19156  (2S)-2-Phospholactate
C20581  cis-(Homo)2-aconitate
C20582  cis-(Homo)3-aconitate
C20926  gamma-Glutamyltyramine
C20954  (5-Formylfuran-3-yl)methyl phosphate
C21068  [5-(Aminomethyl)furan-3-yl]methyl phosphate
C21069  [5-(Aminomethyl)furan-3-yl]methyl diphosphate
C21070  (4-{4-[2-(gamma-L-Glutamylamino)ethyl]phenoxymethyl}furan-2-yl)methanamine
C21971  5-Amino-5-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(D-ribitylimino)-5,6-dihydrouracil
C22277  Dehydro coenzyme F420-0
C22297  Enolpyruvoyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine
Reference
  Authors
Graham DE, Xu H, White RH
  Title
Identification of coenzyme M biosynthetic phosphosulfolactate synthase: a new family of sulfonate-biosynthesizing enzymes.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 277:13421-9 (2002)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M201011200
Reference
  Authors
Deppenmeier U
  Title
The membrane-bound electron transport system of Methanosarcina species.
  Journal
J Bioenerg Biomembr 36:55-64 (2004)
DOI:10.1023/B:JOBB.0000019598.64642.97
Reference
  Authors
Hallam SJ, Putnam N, Preston CM, Detter JC, Rokhsar D, Richardson PM, DeLong EF
  Title
Reverse methanogenesis: testing the hypothesis with environmental genomics.
  Journal
Science 305:1457-62 (2004)
DOI:10.1126/science.1100025
Reference
  Authors
Welander PV, Metcalf WW
  Title
Loss of the mtr operon in Methanosarcina blocks growth on methanol, but not methanogenesis, and reveals an unknown methanogenic pathway.
  Journal
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:10664-9 (2005)
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0502623102
Reference
  Authors
Yurimoto H, Kato N, Sakai Y
  Title
Assimilation, dissimilation, and detoxification of formaldehyde, a central metabolic intermediate of methylotrophic metabolism.
  Journal
Chem Rec 5:367-75 (2005)
DOI:10.1002/tcr.20056
Reference
  Authors
Fricke WF, Seedorf H, Henne A, Kruer M, Liesegang H, Hedderich R, Gottschalk G, Thauer RK.
  Title
The genome sequence of Methanosphaera stadtmanae reveals why this human intestinal archaeon is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis.
  Journal
J Bacteriol 188:642-58 (2006)
DOI:10.1128/JB.188.2.642-658.2006
Reference
  Authors
Kato N, Yurimoto H, Thauer RK
  Title
The physiological role of the ribulose monophosphate pathway in bacteria and archaea.
  Journal
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:10-21 (2006)
DOI:10.1271/bbb.70.10
Reference
  Authors
Thauer RK, Kaster AK, Seedorf H, Buckel W, Hedderich R
  Title
Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation.
  Journal
Nat Rev Microbiol 6:579-91 (2008)
DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1931
Reference
  Authors
Liffourrena AS, Salvano MA, Lucchesi GI
  Title
Pseudomonas putida A ATCC 12633 oxidizes trimethylamine aerobically via two different pathways.
  Journal
Arch Microbiol 192:471-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1007/s00203-010-0577-5
Related
pathway
rlu00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
rlu00030  Pentose phosphate pathway
rlu00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
rlu00300  Lysine biosynthesis
rlu00630  Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
rlu00740  Riboflavin metabolism
rlu00790  Folate biosynthesis
rlu00910  Nitrogen metabolism
rlu00920  Sulfur metabolism
KO pathway
ko00680   
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