KEGG   PATHWAY: ecb04613
Entry
ecb04613                    Pathway                                
Name
Neutrophil extracellular trap formation - Equus caballus (horse)
Description
Neutrophils play a central role in innate immune defense. One of the mechanisms of neutrophil action is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), the extracellular structures composed of chromatin coated with histones, proteases and granular and cytosolic proteins that help catch and kill microorganisms. NETs are formed by a process known as "NETosis" that can be triggered by microorganisms and endogenous stimuli, such as damage-associated molecular patterns and immune complexes, and involves activation in most cases of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent study has reported that there are two different mechanisms of NETosis, including a lytic NETosis and a vital NETosis. Lytic NETosis begins with nuclear delobulation and the disassembly of the nuclear envelope and continues with loss of cellular polarization, chromatin decondensation and plasma membrane rupture. Vital NETosis can occur independently of cell death and involves the secreted expulsion of nuclear chromatin that is accompanied by the release of granule proteins through degranulation.
Class
Organismal Systems; Immune system
Pathway map
ecb04613  Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
ecb04613

Organism
Equus caballus (horse) [GN:ecb]
Gene
100051526  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-B precursor [KO:K06463]
100063383  SYK; tyrosine-protein kinase SYK isoform X3 [KO:K05855] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100065841  MAP3K7; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 isoform X2 [KO:K04427] [EC:2.7.11.25]
100051110  RAF1; RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100065996  MAP2K1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100063190  MAP2K2; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
100057701  MAPK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100066173  MAPK3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100050132  CYBB; cytochrome b-245 heavy chain [KO:K21421] [EC:1.-.-.-]
100146522  NCF1; neutrophil cytosol factor 1 [KO:K08011]
100049843  CYBA; cytochrome b-245 light chain isoform X1 [KO:K08009]
100051787  NCF2; neutrophil cytosol factor 2 [KO:K08010]
100069566  NCF4; neutrophil cytosol factor 4 [KO:K08012]
100061732  RAC1; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04392]
100054701  RAC2; ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 isoform X2 [KO:K07860]
791248  TLR7; toll-like receptor 7 [KO:K05404]
100054367  TLR8; toll-like receptor 8 precursor [KO:K10170]
111774155  ELANE; neutrophil elastase [KO:K01327] [EC:3.4.21.37]
100070920  MPO; myeloperoxidase [KO:K10789] [EC:1.11.2.2]
100050139  ACTG1; actin, cytoplasmic 2 [KO:K05692]
100033878  ACTB; actin, cytoplasmic 1 [KO:K05692]
100062974  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
100064276  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
100050036  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 [KO:K15041]
100050762  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
100059103  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
100071908  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 [KO:K05863]
100146128  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
100073016  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
100049826  PADI4; protein-arginine deiminase type-4 isoform X1 [KO:K24669] [EC:3.5.3.15]
100146643  immunoglobulin epsilon heavy chain [KO:K06856]
100059796  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I [KO:K06498]
111773647  high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I-like [KO:K06498]
100051733  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a isoform X1 [KO:K06472]
100065733  low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III isoform X1 [KO:K06472]
100147417  uncharacterized protein LOC100147417 isoform X1 [KO:K06472]
100064803  ITGAM; integrin alpha-M isoform X1 [KO:K06461]
100056128  ITGB2; integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]
100056049  integrin beta-2 [KO:K06464]
100065508  ITGAL; integrin alpha-L isoform X2 [KO:K05718]
100053863  CLEC7A; C-type lectin domain family 7 member A isoform X1 [KO:K10074]
100069870  SRC; proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src isoform X1 [KO:K05704] [EC:2.7.10.2]
100057315  PLCB2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100051558  PLCB1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100055407  PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100051485  PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100070545  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X3 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100055670  PLCG2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 isoform X2 [KO:K05859] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100063318  PRKCA; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100069215  PRKCB; protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100062549  PRKCG; protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
100051544  ATG7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme ATG7 isoform X3 [KO:K08337]
100062735  N-formyl peptide receptor 2 [KO:K04173]
100062768  N-formyl peptide receptor 2 [KO:K04173]
100062696  N-formyl peptide receptor 2-like [KO:K04173]
100051623  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100058141  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform isoform X1 [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100051753  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
100052122  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K02649]
100050227  PIK3R1; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K02649]
100146348  PIK3R2; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta [KO:K02649]
100064671  AKT2; RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100054961  AKT3; RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100061130  AKT1; RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase isoform X1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100051341  MTOR; serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform X3 [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100067894  NFKB1; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit isoform X4 [KO:K02580]
100057483  RELA; transcription factor p65 [KO:K04735]
100060539  complement C3 [KO:K03990]
100060505  complement C3-like [KO:K03990]
106783153  CR1L; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: complement component receptor 1-like protein [KO:K04011]
100067655  C5; complement C5 [KO:K03994]
100065997  C5AR1; C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1 isoform X2 [KO:K04010]
100033873  HMGB1; high mobility group protein B1 [KO:K10802]
100009701  TLR2; toll-like receptor 2 precursor [KO:K10159]
100066890  TLR4; toll-like receptor 4 precursor [KO:K10160]
111771935  toll-like receptor 4 [KO:K10160]
100056278  MAPK11; mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100056239  MAPK12; mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100063532  MAPK14; mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 isoform X1 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
106782258  MAPK13; mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 [KO:K04441] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100009697  ITGA2B; integrin alpha-IIb precursor [KO:K06476]
100009709  ITGB3; integrin beta-3 precursor [KO:K06493]
100069763  FGA; fibrinogen alpha chain [KO:K03903]
100069774  FGB; fibrinogen beta chain [KO:K03904]
100147221  FGG; fibrinogen gamma chain [KO:K03905]
100072850  GP1BA; platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha chain [KO:K06261]
100059472  VWF; von Willebrand factor precursor [KO:K03900]
100009695  SELP; P-selectin [KO:K06496]
100034025  SELPLG; P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 precursor [KO:K06544]
100051699  AGER; advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform X1 [KO:K19722]
100069322  caspase-13-like [KO:K04394] [EC:3.4.22.57 3.4.22.64]
100069303  CASP4; caspase 4, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase [KO:K04394] [EC:3.4.22.57 3.4.22.64]
100033888  CASP1; caspase-1 [KO:K01370] [EC:3.4.22.36]
100063519  GSDMD; gasdermin-D [KO:K20917]
100063802  HAT1; histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit [KO:K11303] [EC:2.3.1.48]
100053105  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
100063355  core histone macro-H2A.2 isoform X1 [KO:K11251]
100061017  histone H2A type 3 [KO:K11251]
100053897  histone H2A type 1-B/E [KO:K11251]
100052624  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
100054058  histone H2A type 2-A [KO:K11251]
100053545  histone H2A type 1-C [KO:K11251]
100062747  core histone macro-H2A.1 isoform X1 [KO:K11251]
100052942  histone H2A type 1-D [KO:K11251]
100053206  histone H2A type 1-E [KO:K11251]
100629965  histone H2A.V [KO:K11251]
100147394  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
100052837  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
100054424  histone H2A type 1-D [KO:K11251]
102149092  histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3 [KO:K11251]
100053325  histone H2A type 1-H [KO:K11251]
100054146  histone H2A type 1-E [KO:K11251]
100055360  histone H2A-Bbd type 1 [KO:K11251]
100063021  histone H2A type 1-H [KO:K11251]
100146489  histone H2A.Z [KO:K11251]
102150778  histone H2A.J [KO:K11251]
100058587  histone H2A type 2-C [KO:K11251]
100053378  histone H2A type 1 [KO:K11251]
100053994  histone H2A type 1-D [KO:K11251]
100054113  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone H2A type 2-A-like [KO:K11251]
106783189  histone H2A type 2-B [KO:K11251]
111774230  histone H2AX [KO:K11251]
111771533  histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3-like [KO:K11251]
111771537  histone H2A-Bbd type 1-like [KO:K11251]
111771646  histone H2A-Bbd type 2/3-like [KO:K11251]
100060980  histone H2B type 3-A [KO:K11252]
100053645  histone H2B type 1-M [KO:K11252]
100147687  histone H2B-like [KO:K11252]
100052568  histone H2B type 2-E [KO:K11252]
100073295  histone H2B subacrosomal variant [KO:K11252]
100052889  histone H2B type 1-N [KO:K11252]
100059737  histone H2B type 2-F [KO:K11252]
100054473  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
100068222  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
100053968  histone H2B type 2-E [KO:K11252]
100054211  histone H2B type 2-E [KO:K11252]
100053847  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
100054015  histone H2B type 2-E [KO:K11252]
100053695  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
100068321  histone H2B type 1-L [KO:K11252]
100053156  histone H2B type 1-B [KO:K11252]
100052703  histone H2B type 1-A [KO:K11252]
100053472  histone H2B type 1-J [KO:K11252]
100053279  histone H2B type 1-K [KO:K11252]
100053499  histone H2B type 1 [KO:K11252]
100062934  histone H2B type 2-E [KO:K11252]
100053978  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
100054123  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
102150908  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
102150902  histone H2B type 3-B [KO:K11252]
100054193  histone H2B type 2-E-like [KO:K11252]
111772364  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
111772365  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
100053181  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative histone H2B type 2-D [KO:K11252]
111771477  late histone H2B.L4-like [KO:K11252]
100054332  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100053018  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100054521  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100053403  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100063835  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100054164  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100630823  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100054253  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone H4 [KO:K11254]
106782239  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
106782250  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
100052511  histone H4 [KO:K11254]
102148494  histone H4-like [KO:K11254]
100052783  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
100059700  histone H3 [KO:K11253]
100061535  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
100068151  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
100054378  uncharacterized protein LOC100054378 [KO:K11253]
100053065  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
100054462  histone H3.3 [KO:K11253]
106782280  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
100053259  histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
111773533  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone H3 [KO:K11253]
102149722  histone H3.1-like [KO:K11253]
106782249  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone H3.1 [KO:K11253]
111774036  histone H3.3 [KO:K11253]
100054236  uncharacterized protein LOC100054236 [KO:K11253]
100072578  HDAC2; histone deacetylase 2 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100070281  HDAC1; histone deacetylase 1 [KO:K06067] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100061405  HDAC3; histone deacetylase 3 [KO:K11404] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100051252  HDAC5; histone deacetylase 5 isoform X1 [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100067014  HDAC4; histone deacetylase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K11406] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100062208  HDAC6; histone deacetylase 6 isoform X1 [KO:K11407] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100050617  HDAC7; histone deacetylase 7 isoform X4 [KO:K11408] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100052401  HDAC8; histone deacetylase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K11405] [EC:3.5.1.98]
106780857  HDAC9; histone deacetylase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K11409] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100146361  HDAC10; histone deacetylase 10 isoform X4 [KO:K18671] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100055240  HDAC11; histone deacetylase 11 isoform X1 [KO:K11418] [EC:3.5.1.98]
100146319  AZU1; azurocidin [KO:K24665]
100053921  cathepsin G [KO:K01319] [EC:3.4.21.20]
100033946  ECATH-2; myeloid cathelicidin 2 precursor [KO:K13916]
100034135  ECATH-3; myeloid cathelicidin 3 precursor [KO:K13916]
100064172  cathelin [KO:K13916]
111768487  cathelin-like [KO:K13916]
100061225  CLCN3; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 3 isoform X3 [KO:K05012]
100049933  CLCN4; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K05012]
100052289  CLCN5; H(+)/Cl(-) exchange transporter 5 isoform X1 [KO:K05012]
100054508  AQP9; aquaporin-9 isoform X1 [KO:K09877]
Compound
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00039  DNA
C00076  Calcium cation
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00338  Lipopolysaccharide
C00464  Mannan
C00518  Hyaluronate
C00551  beta-D-Glucan
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05151  12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
C11221  Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester
Reference
PMID:29543328
  Authors
Van Avondt K, Hartl D
  Title
Mechanisms and disease relevance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
  Journal
Eur J Clin Invest 48 Suppl 2:e12919 (2018)
DOI:10.1111/eci.12919
Reference
PMID:31518165
  Authors
Sorvillo N, Cherpokova D, Martinod K, Wagner DD
  Title
Extracellular DNA NET-Works With Dire Consequences for Health.
  Journal
Circ Res 125:470-488 (2019)
DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.314581
Reference
PMID:28990587
  Authors
Papayannopoulos V
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Immunol 18:134-147 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/nri.2017.105
Reference
PMID:24837201
  Authors
Liu FC, Chuang YH, Tsai YF, Yu HP
  Title
Role of neutrophil extracellular traps following injury.
  Journal
Shock 41:491-8 (2014)
DOI:10.1097/SHK.0000000000000146
Reference
PMID:27570525
  Authors
Yang H, Biermann MH, Brauner JM, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Herrmann M
  Title
New Insights into Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Mechanisms of Formation and Role in Inflammation.
  Journal
Front Immunol 7:302 (2016)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2016.00302
Reference
PMID:28983472
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Bochenska O, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Seweryn-Ozog K, Aoki W, Ueda M, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
Aspartic Proteases and Major Cell Wall Components in Candida albicans Trigger the Release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:414 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00414
Reference
PMID:29382950
  Authors
Honda M, Kubes P
  Title
Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in the liver and gastrointestinal system.
  Journal
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:206-221 (2018)
DOI:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.183
Reference
PMID:31416265
  Authors
Hamam HJ, Palaniyar N
  Title
Post-Translational Modifications in NETosis and NETs-Mediated Diseases.
  Journal
Biomolecules 9:E369 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/biom9080369
Reference
PMID:31767647
  Authors
Burgener SS, Schroder K
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Host Defense.
  Journal
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 12:a037028 (2020)
DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a037028
Reference
PMID:33202203
  Authors
Vorobjeva NV, Chernyak BV
  Title
NETosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Role in Physiology and Pathology.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 85:1178-1190 (2020)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297920100065
Reference
PMID:31416173
  Authors
Ravindran M, Khan MA, Palaniyar N
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology.
  Journal
Biomolecules 9:E365 (2019)
DOI:10.3390/biom9080365
Reference
PMID:28267716
  Authors
Jorch SK, Kubes P
  Title
An emerging role for neutrophil extracellular traps in noninfectious disease.
  Journal
Nat Med 23:279-287 (2017)
DOI:10.1038/nm.4294
Reference
PMID:31342866
  Authors
Goggs R, Jeffery U, LeVine DN, Li RHL
  Title
Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review.
  Journal
Vet Pathol 57:6-23 (2020)
DOI:10.1177/0300985819861721
Reference
PMID:27876233
  Authors
Kim SJ, Jenne CN
  Title
Role of platelets in neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) production and tissue injury.
  Journal
Semin Immunol 28:546-554 (2016)
DOI:10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.013
Reference
PMID:29572545
  Authors
de Bont CM, Boelens WC, Pruijn GJM
  Title
NETosis, complement, and coagulation: a triangular relationship.
  Journal
Cell Mol Immunol 16:19-27 (2019)
DOI:10.1038/s41423-018-0024-0
Reference
PMID:31129510
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Bartnicka D, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
UVA and UVB radiation induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by human polymorphonuclear cells.
  Journal
J Photochem Photobiol B 196:111511 (2019)
DOI:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111511
Reference
PMID:21293492
  Authors
Remijsen Q, Kuijpers TW, Wirawan E, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T
  Title
Dying for a cause: NETosis, mechanisms behind an antimicrobial cell death modality.
  Journal
Cell Death Differ 18:581-8 (2011)
DOI:10.1038/cdd.2011.1
Reference
PMID:23819131
  Authors
Zawrotniak M, Rapala-Kozik M
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - formation and implications.
  Journal
Acta Biochim Pol 60:277-84 (2013)
Reference
PMID:28373871
  Authors
Rosales C
  Title
Fcgamma Receptor Heterogeneity in Leukocyte Functional Responses.
  Journal
Front Immunol 8:280 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00280
Reference
PMID:25716722
  Authors
Vorobjeva NV, Pinegin BV
  Title
Neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of formation and role in health and disease.
  Journal
Biochemistry (Mosc) 79:1286-96 (2014)
DOI:10.1134/S0006297914120025
Reference
PMID:28220120
  Authors
Delgado-Rizo V, Martinez-Guzman MA, Iniguez-Gutierrez L, Garcia-Orozco A, Alvarado-Navarro A, Fafutis-Morris M
  Title
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Its Implications in Inflammation: An Overview.
  Journal
Front Immunol 8:81 (2017)
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00081
Reference
PMID:30023352
  Authors
Fonseca Z, Diaz-Godinez C, Mora N, Aleman OR, Uribe-Querol E, Carrero JC, Rosales C
  Title
Entamoeba histolytica Induce Signaling via Raf/MEK/ERK for Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) Formation.
  Journal
Front Cell Infect Microbiol 8:226 (2018)
DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00226
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Agraz-Cibrian JM, Giraldo DM, Mary FM, Urcuqui-Inchima S
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Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NETs and their role in antiviral innate immunity.
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Virus Res 228:124-133 (2017)
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PMID:27698656
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Schonrich G, Raftery MJ
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Go Viral.
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Front Immunol 7:366 (2016)
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PMID:22817992
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Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate a host defense response to human immunodeficiency virus-1.
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Cell Host Microbe 12:109-16 (2012)
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PMID:29908538
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Kumar S, Gupta E, Kaushik S, Jyoti A
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Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 17:208-220 (2018)
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