KEGG   PATHWAY: ecb05012
Entry
ecb05012                    Pathway                                
Name
Parkinson disease - Equus caballus (horse)
Description
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Both environmental factors and mutations in familial PD-linked genes such as SNCA, Parkin, DJ-1, PINK1 and LRRK2 are associated with PD pathogenesis. These pathogenic mutations and environmental factors are known to cause disease due to oxidative stress, intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis impairment, mitochondrial dysfunctions and altered protein handling compromising key roles of DA neuronal function and survival. The demise of DA neurons located in the SNc leads to a drop in the dopaminergic input to the striatum, which is hypothesized to impede movement by inducing hypo and hyper activity in striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the direct (dSPNs) and indirect (iSPNs) pathways in the basal ganglia, respectively.
Class
Human Diseases; Neurodegenerative disease
Pathway map
ecb05012  Parkinson disease
ecb05012

Organism
Equus caballus (horse) [GN:ecb]
Gene
100034039  ADORA2A; adenosine receptor A2a [KO:K04266]
100050622  GNAL; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04633]
100056464  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
100050675  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
100062195  DRD2; D(2) dopamine receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04145]
100055673  GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
100062085  GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
100058238  GNAI3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
100070498  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
100052828  PRKACB; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100064302  PRKACA; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X3 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
100058846  DRD1; D(1A) dopamine receptor [KO:K04144]
100060792  UBA1; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [KO:K03178] [EC:6.2.1.45]
100052809  UBA7; ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 7 isoform X1 [KO:K10698] [EC:6.2.1.45]
100071005  UBA52; ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 [KO:K02927]
100052644  RPS27A; ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a [KO:K02977]
100033924  UBC; ubiquitin C [KO:K04551]
100059289  UBC; polyubiquitin-C [KO:K08770]
100058286  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 [KO:K04552] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100630004  UBE2L3; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 isoform X1 [KO:K04552] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100066866  UBE2L6; ubiquitin/ISG15-conjugating enzyme E2 L6 isoform X4 [KO:K04553] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100061534  UBE2J2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J2 [KO:K04554] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100071009  UBE2J1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 [KO:K10578] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100056215  UBE2G2; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G2 isoform X1 [KO:K04555] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100072717  UBE2G1; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 G1 [KO:K10575] [EC:2.3.2.23]
100057832  PRKN; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin isoform X1 [KO:K04556] [EC:2.3.2.31]
100053270  SNCA; alpha-synuclein isoform X4 [KO:K04528]
100071585  GPR37; prosaposin receptor GPR37 [KO:K04243]
100052400  SEPT5; septin-5 isoform X1 [KO:K04557]
100063985  SNCAIP; synphilin-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04558]
100050805  PSMA6; proteasome subunit alpha type-6 isoform X2 [KO:K02730] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100064293  PSMA2; proteasome subunit alpha type-2 [KO:K02726] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100050569  PSMA4; proteasome subunit alpha type-4 isoform X1 [KO:K02728] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100064417  PSMA8; proteasome subunit alpha type-7-like [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100057828  PSMA7; proteasome subunit alpha type-7 [KO:K02731] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100061457  PSMA5; proteasome subunit alpha type-5 isoform X1 [KO:K02729] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100056224  PSMA1; proteasome subunit alpha type-1 [KO:K02725] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100050987  PSMA3; proteasome subunit alpha type-3 [KO:K02727] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100072870  PSMB6; proteasome subunit beta type-6 [KO:K02738] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100067317  PSMB7; proteasome subunit beta type-7 [KO:K02739] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100068477  PSMB3; proteasome subunit beta type-3 [KO:K02735] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100055325  PSMB2; proteasome subunit beta type-2 [KO:K02734] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100052570  PSMB5; proteasome subunit beta type-5 [KO:K02737] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100051957  PSMB1; proteasome subunit beta type-1 [KO:K02732] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100059821  PSMB4; proteasome subunit beta type-4 [KO:K02736] [EC:3.4.25.1]
100058456  PSMC2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03061]
100062573  PSMC1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03062]
100064604  PSMC4; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B [KO:K03063]
100049903  PSMC6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B [KO:K03064]
100051468  PSMC3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A [KO:K03065]
100053987  PSMC5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8 isoform X1 [KO:K03066]
100059081  PSMD2; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K03028]
100057015  PSMD1; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1 isoform X2 [KO:K03032]
100147612  PSMD3; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K03033]
100058668  PSMD9; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 [KO:K06693]
100063689  PSMD12; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 [KO:K03035]
100071770  PSMD11; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 [KO:K03036]
100055920  PSMD6; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 [KO:K03037]
100067363  PSMD7; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7 [KO:K03038]
100050948  PSMD13; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 [KO:K03039]
100216429  PSMD4; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4 [KO:K03029]
100051409  PSMD14; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 isoform X2 [KO:K03030]
100064192  PSMD8; 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 [KO:K03031]
102150324  SEM1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 26S proteasome complex subunit SEM1 [KO:K10881]
100033838  UCHL1; ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 [KO:K05611] [EC:3.4.19.12]
100057133  CALML5; calmodulin-like protein 5 [KO:K02183]
100062752  CALM1; calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
100070422  calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
100071150  CALM3; calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
100629145  CALM2; calmodulin-2 [KO:K02183]
100064482  CALML6; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
100052798  CALML4; calmodulin-like protein 4 isoform X2 [KO:K02183]
100064138  CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X13 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100071654  CAMK2A; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100072618  CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X6 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100146368  CAMK2B; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
100054638  MAPT; microtubule-associated protein tau isoform X8 [KO:K04380]
100071830  RYR3; ryanodine receptor 3 [KO:K04963]
100052808  ITPR1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04958]
100064557  ITPR2; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04959]
100053019  ITPR3; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04960]
100070545  PLCG1; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-1 isoform X3 [KO:K01116] [EC:3.1.4.11]
100067235  HSPA5; 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein [KO:K09490] [EC:3.6.4.10]
111773414  ATF6; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-6 alpha [KO:K09054]
100053417  DDIT3; DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [KO:K04452]
100064339  ERN1; serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE1 [KO:K08852] [EC:2.7.11.1 3.1.26.-]
100059209  XBP1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: X-box-binding protein 1 [KO:K09027]
100066488  EIF2AK3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08860] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100052709  EIF2S1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 [KO:K03237]
100070334  ATF4; cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 [KO:K04374]
100146648  TH; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase [KO:K00501] [EC:1.14.16.2]
100033867  MAOA; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
100033868  MAOB; amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B [KO:K00274] [EC:1.4.3.4]
100054747  SLC6A3; sodium-dependent dopamine transporter [KO:K05036]
100055485  SLC18A1; chromaffin granule amine transporter isoform X1 [KO:K08155]
100058805  SLC18A2; synaptic vesicular amine transporter [KO:K08155]
100052385  SLC11A2; natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 2 isoform X5 [KO:K21398]
100072701  SLC39A2; zinc transporter ZIP2 isoform X1 [KO:K14709]
100146878  SLC39A3; zinc transporter ZIP3 [KO:K14709]
100062274  SLC39A1; zinc transporter ZIP1 [KO:K14709]
100147065  SLC39A4; zinc transporter ZIP4 [KO:K14710]
100052215  SLC39A5; zinc transporter ZIP5 isoform X1 [KO:K14711]
100147463  SLC39A6; zinc transporter ZIP6 [KO:K14712]
100061379  SLC39A7; zinc transporter SLC39A7 isoform X1 [KO:K14713]
100067821  SLC39A8; zinc transporter ZIP8 isoform X1 [KO:K14714]
100053161  SLC39A9; zinc transporter ZIP9 isoform X1 [KO:K14715]
100054925  SLC39A10; zinc transporter ZIP10 isoform X1 [KO:K14716]
100052800  SLC39A11; zinc transporter ZIP11 isoform X1 [KO:K14717]
100056009  SLC39A12; zinc transporter ZIP12 isoform X1 [KO:K14718]
100058004  SLC39A13; zinc transporter ZIP13 isoform X1 [KO:K14719]
807846  ND1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 [KO:K03878] [EC:7.1.1.2]
807844  ND2; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 [KO:K03879] [EC:7.1.1.2]
807855  ND3; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 [KO:K03880] [EC:7.1.1.2]
807852  ND4; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 [KO:K03881] [EC:7.1.1.2]
807851  ND4L; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L [KO:K03882] [EC:7.1.1.2]
807853  ND5; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 [KO:K03883] [EC:7.1.1.2]
807848  ND6; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 [KO:K03884] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100059569  NDUFV1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial [KO:K03942] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100054445  NDUFV2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03943] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100057691  NDUFV3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial isoform X4 [KO:K03944]
100058835  NDUFA1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03945]
100061811  NDUFA2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
111772123  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2-like [KO:K03946]
111767785  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2-like [KO:K03946]
111767790  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 [KO:K03946]
100052169  NDUFA3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03947]
100052985  NDUFA4L2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2 [KO:K03948]
106783042  NDUFA4; cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 [KO:K03948]
100071532  NDUFA5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 [KO:K03949]
100066991  NDUFA7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7 [KO:K03951]
100067562  NDUFA8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 [KO:K03952]
100051504  NDUFA9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial [KO:K03953]
100057698  NDUFA10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03954]
100069079  NDUFAB1; acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03955]
100065070  NDUFA12; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 [KO:K11352]
100146253  NDUFA13; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13 [KO:K11353]
100630425  NDUFB1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1 [KO:K03957]
100064695  NDUFB2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03958]
100067936  NDUFB3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 [KO:K03959]
100070815  NDUFB4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4 [KO:K03960]
100058402  NDUFB5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial [KO:K03961]
100630340  NDUFB6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6 [KO:K03962]
100064992  NDUFB7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 isoform X2 [KO:K03963]
100060451  NDUFB8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03964]
100057623  NDUFB9; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 [KO:K03965]
100065553  NDUFB10; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 [KO:K03966]
100060719  NDUFB11; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial [KO:K11351]
100066330  NDUFS1; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K03934] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100066089  NDUFS2; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial [KO:K03935] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100058223  NDUFS3; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03936] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100063168  NDUFS4; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K03937]
100054377  NDUFS5; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5 [KO:K03938]
100071879  NDUFS6; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial [KO:K03939]
100068855  NDUFS7; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial [KO:K03940] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100053392  NDUFS8; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial [KO:K03941] [EC:7.1.1.2]
100629515  NDUFC1; NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K03967]
100630892  NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2 [KO:K03968]
100034244  SDHA; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00234] [EC:1.3.5.1]
100050091  SDHB; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial [KO:K00235] [EC:1.3.5.1]
100065940  SDHC; succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial isoform X3 [KO:K00236]
100629334  SDHD; succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K00237]
100053634  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske, mitochondrial [KO:K00411] [EC:7.1.1.8]
807847  CYTB; cytochrome b [KO:K00412]
100146668  CYC1; cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial [KO:K00413]
100053786  UQCRC1; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K00414]
100057847  UQCRC2; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial [KO:K00415]
100051878  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K00416]
100059627  UQCRB; cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7 [KO:K00417]
111767815  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 8 [KO:K00418]
100630846  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 9 [KO:K00419]
100147519  cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 10 [KO:K00420]
807856  COX3; cytochrome c oxidase subunit III [KO:K02262]
807850  COX1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I [KO:K02256] [EC:7.1.1.9]
807845  COX2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit II [KO:K02261]
100053548  COX4I2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
100056171  COX4I1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial [KO:K02263]
100051391  COX5A; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial [KO:K02264]
100061973  COX5B; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5B, mitochondrial [KO:K02265]
100053420  COX6A1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
100063197  COX6A2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2, mitochondrial [KO:K02266]
100051249  COX6B1; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1 [KO:K02267]
102149678  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 [KO:K02267]
100055813  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C [KO:K02268]
100053736  COX7A2L; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A-related protein, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
100630209  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: uncharacterized protein LOC100630209 [KO:K02270]
106782100  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A1, mitochondrial [KO:K02270]
100630758  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
100629332  COX7B2; cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2, mitochondrial [KO:K02271]
100630549  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7C, mitochondrial [KO:K02272]
111770393  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8C, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
111775959  cytochrome c oxidase subunit 8A, mitochondrial [KO:K02273]
100053178  ATP5F1A; ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial [KO:K02132]
100059825  ATP5F1B; ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial [KO:K02133] [EC:7.1.2.2]
100069978  ATP5F1C; ATP synthase subunit gamma, mitochondrial isoform X3 [KO:K02136]
100146850  ATP5F1D; ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial [KO:K02134]
100630568  ATP5F1E; ATP synthase subunit epsilon, mitochondrial [KO:K02135]
807854  ATP6; ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 [KO:K02126]
100058893  ATP5PB; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit B1, mitochondrial [KO:K02127]
100069523  ATP5MC1; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C1, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
100053347  ATP5MC3; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C3, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
100064131  ATP5MC2; ATP synthase F(0) complex subunit C2, mitochondrial [KO:K02128]
100052170  ATP5PD; ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K02138]
100052131  ATP5PO; ATP synthase subunit O, mitochondrial [KO:K02137]
100066379  ATP5PF; ATP synthase-coupling factor 6, mitochondrial [KO:K02131]
807849  ATP8; ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 [KO:K02125]
100071784  PINK1; serine/threonine-protein kinase PINK1, mitochondrial isoform X1 [KO:K05688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100072824  MCU; calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial [KO:K20858]
100052935  LRRK2; leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 [KO:K08844] [EC:2.7.11.1]
100053688  HTRA2; serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial isoform X2 [KO:K08669] [EC:3.4.21.108]
100069561  TRAP1; heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial [KO:K09488]
100062974  VDAC1; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 1 [KO:K05862]
100064276  VDAC2; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 [KO:K15040]
100050036  VDAC3; voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 [KO:K15041]
100050762  SLC25A4; ADP/ATP translocase 1 [KO:K05863]
100059103  SLC25A5; ADP/ATP translocase 2 [KO:K05863]
100071908  SLC25A31; ADP/ATP translocase 4 [KO:K05863]
100146128  SLC25A6; ADP/ATP translocase 3 [KO:K05863]
100073016  PPIF; peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial [KO:K09565] [EC:5.2.1.8]
100053958  CYCS; cytochrome c [KO:K08738]
111768755  cytochrome c, testis-specific [KO:K08738]
100052552  APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 [KO:K02084]
100054331  CASP9; caspase-9 [KO:K04399] [EC:3.4.22.62]
100034083  CASP3; caspase-3 [KO:K02187] [EC:3.4.22.56]
100052123  PARK7; protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1 isoform X3 [KO:K05687] [EC:3.5.1.124]
100053597  BCL2L1; bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04570]
100054674  BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX isoform X1 [KO:K02159]
100058230  MFN1; mitofusin-1 [KO:K21356] [EC:3.6.5.-]
100055966  MFN2; mitofusin-2 [KO:K06030] [EC:3.6.5.-]
100061228  KIF5B; kinesin-1 heavy chain [KO:K10396]
100050542  KIF5A; kinesin heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K10396]
100056413  KIF5C; kinesin heavy chain isoform X1 [KO:K10396]
100055017  KLC4; kinesin light chain 4 [KO:K10407]
100055290  KLC1; kinesin light chain 1 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
100147291  KLC3; kinesin light chain 3 isoform X1 [KO:K10407]
100052297  KLC2; kinesin light chain 2 [KO:K10407]
100059285  tubulin alpha-1D chain [KO:K07374]
100051840  TUBA1A; tubulin alpha-1A chain [KO:K07374]
100051901  tubulin alpha-1C chain [KO:K07374]
100052388  tubulin alpha-3 chain [KO:K07374]
100054576  TUBA8; tubulin alpha-8 chain isoform X2 [KO:K07374]
100065732  tubulin alpha-3 chain [KO:K07374]
100059249  TUBA4A; tubulin alpha-4A chain [KO:K07374]
100146855  TUBAL3; tubulin alpha chain-like 3 [KO:K07374]
100059091  tubulin alpha-1B chain [KO:K07374]
100072403  tubulin alpha-3 chain [KO:K07374]
100050361  tubulin beta-2B chain [KO:K07375]
100056684  TUBB1; tubulin beta-1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K07375]
100051013  TUBB; tubulin beta chain [KO:K07375]
100058421  TUBB6; tubulin beta-6 chain [KO:K07375]
100629875  TUBB2A; tubulin beta-2A chain [KO:K07375]
100059595  TUBB4B; tubulin beta-4B chain [KO:K07375]
100065776  TUBB4A; tubulin beta-4A chain [KO:K07375]
111772826  TUBB3; tubulin beta-3 chain [KO:K07375]
100062044  TP53; cellular tumor antigen p53 [KO:K04451]
100069834  DUSP1; dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 [KO:K21278] [EC:3.1.3.16 3.1.3.48]
100066816  NFE2L2; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform X2 [KO:K05638]
100069490  TXN2; thioredoxin, mitochondrial [KO:K03671]
100033827  TXN; thioredoxin [KO:K03671]
100146901  DAXX; death domain-associated protein 6 [KO:K02308]
100073186  MAP3K5; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5 isoform X1 [KO:K04426] [EC:2.7.11.25]
100052608  MAPK10; mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100057961  MAPK9; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100051798  MAPK8; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 isoform X1 [KO:K04440] [EC:2.7.11.24]
100033855  SOD1; superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] [KO:K04565] [EC:1.15.1.1]
100055128  KEAP1; kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 [KO:K10456]
Compound
C00002  ATP
C00007  Oxygen
C00008  ADP
C00009  Orthophosphate
C00013  Diphosphate
C00020  AMP
C00027  Hydrogen peroxide
C00034  Manganese
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00212  Adenosine
C00355  3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00704  Superoxide
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C03758  Dopamine
C04043  3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
C04599  1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
C07593  Rotenone
C11310  1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
C14701  Paraquat
C15231  Maneb
C16844  Hydroxyl radical
C17755  Dopamine quinone
C22381  Reactive oxygen species
Reference
PMID:16495942
  Authors
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Expanding insights of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
  Journal
Nat Rev Neurosci 7:207-19 (2006)
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Reference
PMID:12938733
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Lim KL, Lim TM
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Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease: clues from Mendelian syndromes.
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IUBMB Life 55:315-22 (2003)
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Reference
PMID:26501339
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Bobela W, Aebischer P, Schneider BL
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Alphalpha-Synuclein as a Mediator in the Interplay between Aging and Parkinson's Disease.
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Biomolecules 5:2675-700 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:15767499
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Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
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Arch Neurol 62:353-7 (2005)
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Reference
PMID:16972273
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Mov Disord 21:1806-23 (2006)
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PMID:18047737
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Lim KL, Tan JM
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Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in Parkinson's disease.
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BMC Biochem 8 Suppl 1:S13 (2007)
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Reference
PMID:29090092
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Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL
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Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments.
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Transl Neurodegener 6:28 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:12814656
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Dev KK, van der Putten H, Sommer B, Rovelli G
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Part I: parkin-associated proteins and Parkinson's disease.
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Neuropharmacology 45:1-13 (2003)
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PMID:20495568
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Missing pieces in the Parkinson's disease puzzle.
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Nat Med 16:653-61 (2010)
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PMID:24781149
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Cali T, Ottolini D, Brini M
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Calcium signaling in Parkinson's disease.
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Cell Tissue Res 357:439-54 (2014)
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PMID:19230774
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Bezprozvanny I
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Calcium signaling and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Trends Mol Med 15:89-100 (2009)
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Reference
PMID:28468938
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The role of Ca(2+) signaling in Parkinson's disease.
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Dis Model Mech 10:519-535 (2017)
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Reference
PMID:28838811
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  Title
Mitochondrial calcium imbalance in Parkinson's disease.
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Neurosci Lett 663:86-90 (2018)
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Reference
PMID:19663908
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Sandebring A, Dehvari N, Perez-Manso M, Thomas KJ, Karpilovski E, Cookson MR, Cowburn RF, Cedazo-Minguez A
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Parkin deficiency disrupts calcium homeostasis by modulating phospholipase C signalling.
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FEBS J 276:5041-52 (2009)
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PMID:23352769
  Authors
Mercado G, Valdes P, Hetz C
  Title
An ERcentric view of Parkinson's disease.
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Trends Mol Med 19:165-75 (2013)
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Reference
PMID:27103567
  Authors
Mercado G, Castillo V, Soto P, Sidhu A
  Title
ER stress and Parkinson's disease: Pathological inputs that converge into the secretory pathway.
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Brain Res 1648:626-632 (2016)
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Reference
PMID:26297973
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  Title
Modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in Parkinson's disease.
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Eur J Pharmacol 765:154-6 (2015)
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Reference
PMID:31100053
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Shah A, Chao J, Legido-Quigley C, Chang RC
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Oxyresveratrol exerts ATF4- and Grp78-mediated neuroprotection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental Parkinson's disease.
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Nutr Neurosci 1-16 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:24548101
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Segura-Aguilar J, Paris I, Munoz P, Ferrari E, Zecca L, Zucca FA
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Protective and toxic roles of dopamine in Parkinson's disease.
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J Neurochem 129:898-915 (2014)
DOI:10.1111/jnc.12686
Reference
PMID:31587020
  Authors
Jesko H, Lenkiewicz AM, Wilkaniec A, Adamczyk A
  Title
The interplay between parkin and alpha-synuclein; possible implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 79:276-289 (2019)
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Could a loss of alpha-synuclein function put dopaminergic neurons at risk?
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J Neurochem 89:1318-24 (2004)
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A new mechanism for protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes.
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Neural Regen Res 10:1225-7 (2015)
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J Neurochem 139 Suppl 1:216-231 (2016)
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Reference
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Emerging (and converging) pathways in Parkinson's disease: keeping mitochondrial wellness.
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Biochem Biophys Res Commun 483:1020-1030 (2017)
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Melatoninergic System in Parkinson's Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms.
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Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:3472032 (2016)
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PMID:25761946
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The Parkinson Disease Mitochondrial Hypothesis: Where Are We at?
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Neuroscientist 22:266-77 (2016)
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Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: be eaten to stay healthy.
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Mol Cell Neurosci 55:37-43 (2013)
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Deas E, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H
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Mitophagy and Parkinson's disease: the PINK1-parkin link.
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Biochim Biophys Acta 1813:623-33 (2011)
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PMID:25611507
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The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson's disease.
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Neuron 85:257-73 (2015)
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PMID:27911343
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Truban D, Hou X, Caulfield TR, Fiesel FC, Springer W
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PINK1, Parkin, and Mitochondrial Quality Control: What can we Learn about Parkinson's Disease Pathobiology?
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J Parkinsons Dis 7:13-29 (2017)
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Biosa A, Sandrelli F, Beltramini M, Greggio E, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M
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Recent findings on the physiological function of DJ-1: Beyond Parkinson's disease.
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Neurobiol Dis 108:65-72 (2017)
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Regulation of Signal Transduction by DJ-1.
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Adv Exp Med Biol 1037:97-131 (2017)
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Role of DJ-1 in the mechanism of pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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J Bioenerg Biomembr 51:175-188 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:30370500
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Melo TQ, Copray SJCVM, Ferrari MFR
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Alpha-Synuclein Toxicity on Protein Quality Control, Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum.
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Neurochem Res 43:2212-2223 (2018)
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Reference
PMID:30937538
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J Neural Transm (Vienna) 126:411-422 (2019)
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Reference
PMID:29720658
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Parker JG, Marshall JD, Ahanonu B, Wu YW, Kim TH, Grewe BF, Zhang Y, Li JZ, Ding JB, Ehlers MD, Schnitzer MJ
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Diametric neural ensemble dynamics in parkinsonian and dyskinetic states.
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Nature 557:177-182 (2018)
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Related
pathway
ecb00190  Oxidative phosphorylation
ecb00350  Tyrosine metabolism
ecb03050  Proteasome
ecb04020  Calcium signaling pathway
ecb04120  Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
ecb04137  Mitophagy - animal
ecb04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
ecb04210  Apoptosis
ecb04728  Dopaminergic synapse
KO pathway
ko05012   
LinkDB

DBGET integrated database retrieval system