Entry Name Apoptosis - multiple species
Description Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved process used by multicellular organisms to developmentally regulate cell number or to eliminate cells that are potentially detrimental to the organism. The major players are caspases, caspase inhibitors, members of the Bcl-2 family of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and adaptors of the Ced-4/APAF-1 type. Mammals, by comparison with Caenorhabditis and Drosophila, exhibit highly complex extrinsic and intrinsic pathways for apoptosis induction. However, recent analyses of whole genome sequences from cnidarians (e.g. Hydra) suggest that the caspase and Bcl-2 families were already highly complex in cnidarians and that Caenorhabditis and Drosophila lost many of the genes involved in apoptosis.
Class Cellular Processes; Cell growth and deathBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map ko04215 Apoptosis - multiple species
Other DBs Orthology K02084 APAF1; apoptotic protease-activating factor
K02159 BAX; apoptosis regulator BAX
K02161 BCL2; apoptosis regulator Bcl-2
K02373 FADD; FAS-associated death domain protein
K02561 BOK; Bcl-2-related ovarian killer protein
K02583 NGFR, TNFRSF16, CD271; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16
K03158 TNFRSF1A, TNFR1, CD120a; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A
K04440 JNK; mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/9/10 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) [EC:2.7.11.24 ]
K04489 CASP3A; caspase 3A [EC:3.4.22.-]
K04570 BCL2L1, bcl-xL; Bcl-2-like 1 (apoptosis regulator Bcl-X)
K04726 BID; BH3 interacting domain death agonist
K08334 BECN, VPS30, ATG6; beclin
K08731 BIRC5; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5
K10131 PMAIP1, NOXA; phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1
K10132 BBC3, PUMA; Bcl-2-binding component 3
K10586 BIRC6, BRUCE; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 6 (apollon) [EC:2.3.2.23 ]
K14021 BAK, BAK1; Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer
K16060 BIRC2_3; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2/3
K16061 BIRC7_8; baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 7/8
K16341 BCL2L11, BIM; Bcl-2-like protein 11
K20008 DCP1; death caspase-1 [EC:3.4.22.-]
K20009 DRONC; caspase Dronc [EC:3.4.22.-]
K20014 RPR; cell death protein rpr
K20016 HID; cell death protein hid
K20017 BUFFY; Bcl-2 family protein
K20018 GRIM; cell death protein Grim
K20094 CED-9; cell death protein 9
K20104 EGL1; programmed cell death activator egl-1 EGL-1
K20105 CED-4; cell death protein 4
K20106 CED-3; cell death protein 3
Reference Authors Fuchs Y, Steller H
Title Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells.
Journal Reference Authors Kumar S, Cakouros D
Title Transcriptional control of the core cell-death machinery.
Journal Reference Authors Bergmann A, Steller H
Title Apoptosis, stem cells, and tissue regeneration.
Journal Reference Authors Zmasek CM, Godzik A
Title Evolution of the animal apoptosis network.
Journal Reference Authors Twomey C, McCarthy JV
Title Pathways of apoptosis and importance in development.
Journal Reference Authors Nicholson DW
Title Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates, and function during apoptotic cell death.
Journal Reference Authors Wang C, Youle RJ
Title The role of mitochondria in apoptosis*.
Journal Reference Authors Choi D, Woo M
Title Executioners of apoptosis in pancreatic {beta}-cells: not just for cell death.
Journal Reference Authors Joza N, Kroemer G, Penninger JM
Title Genetic analysis of the mammalian cell death machinery.
Journal Reference Authors Yan N, Wu JW, Chai J, Li W, Shi Y
Title Molecular mechanisms of DrICE inhibition by DIAP1 and removal of inhibition by Reaper, Hid and Grim.
Journal Reference Authors Reiter S, Crescenzi M, Galliot B, Buzgariu W
Title Hydra, a versatile model to study the homeostatic and developmental functions of cell death.
Journal Reference Authors Lasi M, Pauly B, Schmidt N, Cikala M, Stiening B, Kasbauer T, Zenner G, Popp T, Wagner A, Knapp RT, Huber AH, Grunert M, Soding J, David CN, Bottger A
Title The molecular cell death machinery in the simple cnidarian Hydra includes an expanded caspase family and pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins.
Journal Reference Authors Lasi M, David CN, Bottger A
Title Apoptosis in pre-Bilaterians: Hydra as a model.
Journal Reference Authors Romero A, Novoa B, Figueras A
Title The complexity of apoptotic cell death in mollusks: An update.
Journal Reference Authors Potts MB, Cameron S
Title Cell lineage and cell death: Caenorhabditis elegans and cancer research.
Journal Reference Authors Lee EF, Young ND, Lim NT, Gasser RB, Fairlie WD
Title Apoptosis in schistosomes: toward novel targets for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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