KEGG   PATHWAY: bspl04916
Entry
bspl04916                   Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
bspl04916  Melanogenesis
bspl04916

Organism
Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish) [GN:bspl]
Gene
114849221  pro-opiomelanocortin-like isoform X1 [KO:K05228]
114851167  pro-opiomelanocortin-like [KO:K05228]
114856268  asip1; agouti signaling protein 1 [KO:K08725]
114852437  mc1r; melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04199]
114858935  gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha [KO:K04632]
114855085  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
114843864  adenylate cyclase type 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114854552  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114843187  adcy2a; adenylate cyclase type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114865538  adcy2b; adenylate cyclase type 2b isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114842644  adcy3a; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114850163  adenylate cyclase type 3-like [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114846818  adcy5; adenylate cyclase type 5 isoform X2 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114858207  adcy6a; adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114858479  adenylate cyclase type 6-like [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114852640  adcy7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114844148  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114849216  si:dkey-206f10.1; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114850565  si:ch211-132f19.7; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X2 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114861051  adenylate cyclase type 9-like [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114851174  adcy9; adenylate cyclase type 9 isoform X1 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
114851831  prkacab; cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
114854454  prkacba; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta a isoform X2 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
114861092  prkacaa; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, alpha, genome duplicate a isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
114845099  prkacbb; protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, catalytic, beta b [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
114846771  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like [KO:K05870]
114847565  creb1b; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1b [KO:K05870]
114843165  creb3l4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
114844568  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A [KO:K09048]
114854657  creb3l3a; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A [KO:K09048]
114861811  creb3l3l; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3 like [KO:K09048]
114862384  creb3l2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048]
114851090  creb3l1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
114846151  ep300a; histone acetyltransferase p300 isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
114860119  ep300b; histone acetyltransferase p300 isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
114861050  crebbpb; CREB binding protein b isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
114851074  crebbpa; CREB-binding protein isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
114858947  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
114856133  mitfa; melanocyte inducing transcription factor a isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
114858931  wnt1; protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
114859161  protein Wnt-2b-A-like [KO:K00182]
114855647  protein Wnt-2b-like [KO:K00182]
114857541  wnt2; protein Wnt-2 isoform X1 [KO:K00182]
114844795  wnt3a; protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
114846505  wnt3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
114842948  wnt4b; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4b [KO:K00408]
114856079  wnt4; protein Wnt-4a [KO:K00408]
114859083  wnt5a; protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
114862741  wnt5b; protein Wnt-5b [KO:K00444]
114847627  wnt6b; protein Wnt-6 [KO:K00445]
114858319  protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
114862319  wnt7ba; protein Wnt-7b [KO:K00572]
114856083  wnt7aa; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7Aa [KO:K00572]
114857105  wnt7bb; protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
114842171  wnt8b; protein Wnt-8b isoform X2 [KO:K00714]
114864818  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
114864819  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
114860611  wnt9b; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
114844821  wnt9a; protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
114858930  wnt10b; protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
114847677  wnt10a; protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
114869964  wnt11; protein Wnt-11 [KO:K01384]
114862762  wnt16; protein Wnt-16 [KO:K01558]
114842671  uncharacterized protein LOC114842671 isoform X1 [KO:K02432]
114843725  fzd1; frizzled-1 [KO:K02432]
114846957  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
114847394  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
114860009  fzd2; frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
114852121  frizzled-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
114849164  fzd3a; frizzled-3a [KO:K02329]
114868470  fzd4; frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
114844181  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
114847563  fzd5; frizzled-5 [KO:K02375]
114854517  fzd8a; frizzled-8a [KO:K02375]
114843406  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
114868528  fzd9b; frizzled-9b [KO:K02842]
114862849  fzd10; frizzled-10 [KO:K02842]
114857999  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04534]
114852267  gnao1b; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O, b [KO:K04534]
114866709  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
114861667  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
114843962  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like [KO:K02353]
114858600  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1-like [KO:K02353]
114868611  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
114850734  dvl2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 [KO:K02353]
114846883  gsk3ba; glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
114843004  ctnnb1; catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
114865743  catenin beta-1-like [KO:K02105]
114869348  tcf7; transcription factor 7 isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
114866425  transcription factor 7-like 1-B [KO:K04490]
114861532  tcf7l1b; transcription factor 7-like 1-B isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
114846309  tcf7l2; transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X3 [KO:K04491]
114862393  lef1; lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
114861500  uncharacterized protein LOC114861500 [KO:K05461]
114857544  kitlga; kit ligand a isoform X1 [KO:K05461]
114852997  kitb; KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase b [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
114854103  kita; mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita isoform X1 [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
114857388  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
114860848  zgc:55558; GTPase KRas [KO:K07827]
114856738  kras; GTPase KRas isoform X2 [KO:K07827]
114858281  raf1a; raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase a isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
114857278  map2k1; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
114853520  map2k2a; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2a [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
114845208  map2k2b; dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2b [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
114860359  mapk3; mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114861888  mapk1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
114868616  tyr; tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
114868934  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
114851386  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like isoform X1 [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
114861806  tyrp1b; tyrosinase-related protein 1b [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
114847193  dct; L-dopachrome tautomerase isoform X1 [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
114865271  edn1; endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
114844453  ednrba; endothelin receptor Ba [KO:K04198]
114847217  ednrbb; endothelin receptor type B [KO:K04198]
114864499  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
114859443  gnai3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha isoform X2 [KO:K04630]
114854996  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
114855473  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2-like [KO:K04630]
114862655  gnai1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
114857490  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
114846581  plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114848922  plcb2; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114849424  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114849425  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4-like isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114870761  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
114851814  calml4a; calmodulin-like protein 4a [KO:K02183]
114857449  calml4b; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
114867790  calm3a; calmodulin 3a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
114849035  calm1a; calmodulin-1a [KO:K02183]
114849214  calm1b; calmodulin-1b [KO:K02183]
114870598  calm2a; calmodulin 2a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
114841916  camk2g2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114841850  camk2d1; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 1 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114845658  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114866304  camk2d2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta 2 chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114866941  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114861770  camk2b1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II beta 1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114868968  camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
114846545  prkcaa; protein kinase C, alpha, a isoform X3 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114860469  prkcab; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114852795  protein kinase C beta type-like isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114860819  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
114843025  prkcg; protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
bspl00350  Tyrosine metabolism
bspl04010  MAPK signaling pathway
bspl04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
LinkDB

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