KEGG   PATHWAY: umr04974
Entry
umr04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Ursus maritimus (polar bear)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
umr04974  Protein digestion and absorption
umr04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Ursus maritimus (polar bear) [GN:umr]
Gene
103656130  [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103656751  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain [KO:K16630]
103657163  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
103657208  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
103657216  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
103657380  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
103657467  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain [KO:K24340]
103657483  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08132]
103657624  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103657625  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
103657643  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
103658736  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain [KO:K06236]
103658761  COL28A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
103659138  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain [KO:K07603]
103659663  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
103659664  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain [KO:K19721]
103659868  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
103660367  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
103660569  COL20A1; collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
103660572  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
103660696  SLC36A4; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4 [KO:K14209]
103660945  COL1A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(I) chain [KO:K06236]
103661335  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
103661597  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08133]
103661734  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain [KO:K24356]
103662066  CTRB1; chymotrypsinogen B isoform X1 [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103662113  [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103662114  [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
103662664  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform X1 [KO:K05006]
103662830  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
103662858  COL4A3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-3(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103662859  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103663107  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain [KO:K19721]
103663220  SLC1A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
103663476  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
103663981  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16629]
103664139  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
103664575  SLC36A1; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
103664579  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
103664813  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K14209]
103665002  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
103665561  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain [KO:K19721]
103666719  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
103666745  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24339]
103666796  [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
103667620  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
103668009  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain [KO:K16617]
103668146  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
103668926  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
103668927  [KO:K06237]
103669003  [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
103669004  [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
103669055  PRSS3; trypsin-3 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
103669178  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
103669316  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
103669413  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103670200  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain [KO:K24358]
103670229  ELN; elastin isoform X1 [KO:K14211]
103671125  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 [KO:K04926]
103671221  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT [KO:K14210]
103671551  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 [KO:K05849]
103671699  [KO:K13868]
103672049  [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103672113  ATP1A2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103673639  CTRL; chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
103674250  SLC8A3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/calcium exchanger 3 [KO:K05849]
103675109  COL7A1; collagen alpha-1(VII) chain [KO:K16628]
103675337  [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
103675416  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
103675428  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain [KO:K19719]
103676659  CPA2; carboxypeptidase A2 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
103676701  [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
103677019  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
103677644  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
103677685  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
103678050  KCNE3; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 3 [KO:K04897]
103678079  CPA3; mast cell carboxypeptidase A [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
103678088  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B isoform X1 [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
103678156  [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
103678158  [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
103678209  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
103678432  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
103678626  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08135]
103678666  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain [KO:K19721]
103678738  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain [KO:K19721]
103679265  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
103679269  SLC9A3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 [KO:K12040]
103679288  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
103679945  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain [KO:K19721]
103680006  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain [KO:K24355]
103680185  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
103680217  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 [KO:K01540]
103680680  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
103680734  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
103680736  [KO:K06823]
103680878  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
103681039  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
103681058  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
103681822  COL6A6; collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
103681833  [KO:K06238]
103682402  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
121099735  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
umr00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
umr04530  Tight junction
umr04971  Gastric acid secretion
umr04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   

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