Entry |
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Name |
Melanogenesis - Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant)
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Description |
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
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Class |
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
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Pathway map |

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Organism |
Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephant) [GN: lav]
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Gene |
100655206 | guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632] |
100675162 | CREB1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870] |
100653565 | CREB3L1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048] |
100673694 | CREB3L4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048] |
100666211 | CREB3L2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 [KO:K09048] |
100670574 | CREB3L3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3 [KO:K09048] |
100677344 | CREB3; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3 isoform X1 [KO:K09048] |
100668533 | MITF; microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform X1 [KO:K09455] |
100658419 | GNAO1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534] |
100656672 | GNAQ; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634] |
100673586 | DVL3; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02353] |
100657749 | DVL2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353] |
100657649 | DVL1; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353] |
100670218 | TYRP1; 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-] |
100666344 | GNAI1; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630] |
100670234 | GNAI2; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630] |
100667957 | GNAI3; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(k) subunit alpha [KO:K04630] |
100670617 | PLCB4; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11] |
100672435 | PLCB1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11] |
100668575 | PLCB2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11] |
100663829 | PLCB3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11] |
100653927 | CAMK2G; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17] |
100663321 | CAMK2D; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta isoform X2 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17] |
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Compound |
C01245 | D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J. |
Title |
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Busca R, Ballotti R. |
Title |
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Imokawa G. |
Title |
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A. |
Title |
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Chin L. |
Title |
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr. |
Title |
Melanoma. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. |
Title |
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y. |
Title |
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Park HY, Gilchrest BA. |
Title |
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis. |
Journal |
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999) |
Reference |
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Authors |
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA. |
Title |
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF. |
Title |
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Hearing VJ. |
Title |
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment. |
Journal |
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Reference |
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Authors |
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L. |
Title |
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation. |
Journal |
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Related pathway |
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KO pathway |
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LinkDB |
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