Entry Name Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli - Escherichia coli K-12 W3110
Description Bacteria inhabiting a biofilm are protected from physical stress, antimicrobials, and the host immune system, and thereby cause severe medical, environmental, and technical problems. Biofilm formation in Escherichia coli is regulated by two inversely controlled transcriptional feedforward cascades, the FlhDC/FliA cascade and the sigmaS/MlrA/CsgD cascade, which are active in post-exponentially growing and in stationary phase cells, respectively. Their final outputs, flagella production or the synthesis of the biofilm matrix components curli and cellulose, are mutually exclusive due to complementary sigma factor requirements, the abundant DNA-binding regulator FliZ, and opposite regulation by c-di-GMP. The RNA-binding protein CsrA, a central component of the global regulatory system, inhibits synthesis of the poly-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PGA) exopolysaccharide and glycogen and stimulates the expression of the flagellar master regulator FlhDC. CsrA activity is counteracted by two sRNAs, CsrB and CsrC. The lower figure shows that FlhDC, sigmaS, and CsgD, the transcription factors that control large regulons involved in flagellar and biofilm formation, serve as regulatory hubs for multiple environmental signal integration with a series of sRNAs providing distinct inputs.
Class Cellular Processes; Cellular community - prokaryotesBRITE hierarchy
Pathway map ecj02026 Biofilm formation - Escherichia coli
Organism Escherichia coli K-12 W3110 [GN:
ecj ]
Gene JW0141 dksA; transcriptional regulator of rRNA transcription, DnaK suppressor protein [KO:K06204 ]
JW0244 perR; predicted DNA-binding transcriptional regulator [KO:K03566 ]
JW0966 yccZ; predicted exopolysaccharide export protein [KO:K01991 ]
JW1007 ycdQ; predicted glycosyl transferase [KO:K11936 ] [EC:2.4.1.-]
JW1023 csgD; DNA-binding transcriptional activator in two-component regulatory system [KO:K04333 ]
JW1024 csgB; curlin nucleator protein, minor subunit in curli complex [KO:K04335 ]
JW1058 flgM; anti-sigma factor for FliA (sigma 28) [KO:K02398 ]
JW1183 ycgR; protein involved in flagellar function [KO:K21087 ]
JW1505 ydeW; predicted DNA-binding transcriptional regulator [KO:K11531 ]
JW1880 flhC; DNA-binding transcriptional regulator with FlhD [KO:K02402 ]
JW1881 flhD; DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator with FlhC [KO:K02403 ]
JW1899 uvrY; DNA-binding response regulator in two-component regulatory system with BarA [KO:K07689 ]
JW1901 sdiA; DNA-binding transcriptional activator [KO:K07782 ]
JW1906 fliZ; predicted regulator of FliA activity [KO:K02425 ]
JW1907 fliA; RNA polymerase, sigma 28 (sigma F) factor [KO:K02405 ]
JW1935 rcsA; DNA-binding transcriptional co-regulator with RcsB [KO:K07781 ]
JW1982 flu; antigen 43 (Ag43) phase-variable biofilm formation autotransporter [KO:K12687 ]
JW2047 wza; lipoprotein required for capsular polysaccharide translocation through the outer membrane [KO:K01991 ]
JW2052 yegE; predicted diguanylate cyclase, GGDEF domain signalling protein [KO:K21084 ] [EC:2.7.7.65 ]
JW2115 mlrA; DNA-binding transcriptional regulator [KO:K21089 ]
JW2204 rcsD; phosphotransfer intermediate protein in two-component regulatory system with RcsBC [KO:K07676 ] [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
JW2205 rcsB; DNA-binding response regulator in two-component regulatory system with RcsC and YojN [KO:K07687 ]
JW2410 crr; glucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS [KO:K02777 ] [EC:2.7.1.-]
JW2464 gcvR; DNA-binding transcriptional repressor, regulatory protein accessory to GcvA [KO:K03567 ]
JW2666 csrA; pleiotropic regulatory protein for carbon source metabolism [KO:K03563 ]
JW2757 barA; hybrid sensory histidine kinase, in two-component regulatory system with UvrY [KO:K07678 ] [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
JW2779 gcvA; DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator [KO:K03566 ]
JW3367 envZ; sensory histidine kinase in two-component regulatory system with OmpR [KO:K07638 ] [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
JW3368 ompR; DNA-binding response regulator in two-component regulatory system with EnvZ [KO:K07659 ]
JW3933 oxyR; DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator [KO:K04761 ]
JW4364 arcA; DNA-binding response regulator in two-component regulatory system with ArcB or CpxA [KO:K07773 ]
JW5142 ycdR; predicted enzyme associated with biofilm formation [KO:K11931 ] [EC:3.5.1.-]
JW5206 ydaM; predicted diguanylate cyclase, GGDEF domain signalling protein [KO:K21088 ] [EC:2.7.7.65 ]
JW5437 rpoS; RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor [KO:K03087 ]
JW5536 arcB; hybrid sensory histidine kinase in two-component regulatory system with ArcA [KO:K07648 ] [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
JW5702 crp; DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator [KO:K10914 ]
JW5920 rcsC; hybrid sensory kinase in two-component regulatory system with RcsB and YojN [KO:K07677 ] [EC:2.7.13.3 ]
Compound C01228 Guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate)
C04494 Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate
Reference Authors Mika F, Hengge R
Title Small RNAs in the control of RpoS, CsgD, and biofilm architecture of Escherichia coli.
Journal Reference Authors Mika F, Hengge R
Title Small Regulatory RNAs in the Control of Motility and Biofilm Formation in E. coli and Salmonella.
Journal Reference Authors Hengge R
Title Principles of c-di-GMP signalling in bacteria.
Journal Reference Authors Chambers JR, Sauer K
Title Small RNAs and their role in biofilm formation.
Journal Reference Authors Martinez LC, Vadyvaloo V
Title Mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms.
Journal Reference Authors Kalia D, Merey G, Nakayama S, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Luo Y, Guo M, Roembke BT, Sintim HO
Title Nucleotide, c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, cGMP, cAMP, (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria and implications in pathogenesis.
Journal Reference Authors Seyll E, Van Melderen L
Title The ribonucleoprotein Csr network.
Journal Reference Authors Pesavento C, Becker G, Sommerfeldt N, Possling A, Tschowri N, Mehlis A, Hengge R
Title Inverse regulatory coordination of motility and curli-mediated adhesion in Escherichia coli.
Journal Reference Authors Huang YH, Ferrieres L, Clarke DJ
Title The role of the Rcs phosphorelay in Enterobacteriaceae.
Journal Reference Authors Li J, Attila C, Wang L, Wood TK, Valdes JJ, Bentley WE
Title Quorum sensing in Escherichia coli is signaled by AI-2/LsrR: effects on small RNA and biofilm architecture.
Journal Related KO pathway
