PATHWAY: opi04940 Help
Entry
Name
Type I diabetes mellitus - Ochotona princeps (American pika)
Description
Type I diabetes mellitus is a disease that results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells. Certain beta-cell proteins act as autoantigens after being processed by antigen-presenting cell (APC), such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and presented in a complex with MHC-II molecules on the surface of the APC. Then immunogenic signals from APC activate CD4+ T cells, predominantly of the Th1 subset. Antigen-activated Th1 cells produce IL-2 and IFNgamma. They activate macrophages and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and these effector cells may kill islet beta-cells by one or both of two types of mechanisms: (1) direct interactions of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells with a beta-cell autoantigen-MHC-I complex on the beta-cell, and (2) non-specific inflammatory mediators, such as free radicals/oxidants and cytokines (IL-1, TNFalpha, TNFbeta, IFNgamma).
Type I diabetes is a polygenic disease. One of the principle determining genetic factors in diabetes incidence is the inheritance of mutant MHC-II alleles. Another plausible candidate gene is the insulin gene.
Class
Human Diseases; Endocrine and metabolic disease
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Ochotona princeps (American pika) [GN:
opi ]
Gene
101532154 mamu class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
101533349 RLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha-1 chain [KO:K06752 ]
101534001 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR beta 3 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101534727 H-2 class II histocompatibility antigen, E-S beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101536192 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
101536688 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
101516124 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101516365 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DP alpha 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101533755 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101535219 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain [KO:K06752 ]
101532394 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ beta 1 chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101534971 SLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DQ haplotype D alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
101536435 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM alpha chain [KO:K06752 ]
101533271 H-2 class II histocompatibility antigen, E-S beta chain-like [KO:K06752 ]
101531661 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q10 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101525155 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0103 alpha chain-like isoform X2 [KO:K06751 ]
101533457 RLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain 11/11-like [KO:K06751 ]
101533688 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101520712 putative HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain H [KO:K06751 ]
101520958 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, B-2 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101518025 RLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain 11/11-like [KO:K06751 ]
101523650 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G-like [KO:K06751 ]
101535416 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101534182 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
101534674 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
101519729 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q9 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101519974 H-2 class I histocompatibility antigen, Q9 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101527525 patr class I histocompatibility antigen, A-2 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101523895 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0103 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
101520226 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0103 alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101524843 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101519479 class I histocompatibility antigen, Gogo-B*0101 alpha chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06751 ]
101525080 HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain-like [KO:K06751 ]
101520475 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: putative HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain H [KO:K06751 ]
101528266 FASLG; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 6 [KO:K04389 ]
101528938 FAS; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 [KO:K04390 ]
Compound
Reference
Authors
Rabinovitch A, Suarez-Pinzon WL.
Title
Cytokines and their roles in pancreatic islet beta-cell destruction and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Cox NJ, Wapelhorst B, Morrison VA, Johnson L, Pinchuk L, Spielman RS, Todd JA, Concannon P
Title
Seven regions of the genome show evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes in a consensus analysis of 767 multiplex families.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Davies JL, Kawaguchi Y, Bennett ST, Copeman JB, Cordell HJ, Pritchard LE, Reed PW, Gough SC, Jenkins SC, Palmer SM, et al.
Title
A genome-wide search for human type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Fujisawa T, Ikegami H, Kawaguchi Y, Yamato E, Takekawa K, Nakagawa Y, Hamada Y, Ueda H, Shima K, Ogihara T.
Title
Class I HLA is associated with age-at-onset of IDDM, while class II HLA confers susceptibility to IDDM.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Jaeckel E, Klein L, Martin-Orozco N, von Boehmer H.
Title
Normal incidence of diabetes in NOD mice tolerant to glutamic acid decarboxylase.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Nakayama M, Abiru N, Moriyama H, Babaya N, Liu E, Miao D, Yu L, Wegmann DR, Hutton JC, Elliott JF, Eisenbarth GS.
Title
Prime role for an insulin epitope in the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Kent SC, Chen Y, Bregoli L, Clemmings SM, Kenyon NS, Ricordi C, Hering BJ, Hafler DA.
Title
Expanded T cells from pancreatic lymph nodes of type 1 diabetic subjects recognize an insulin epitope.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lieberman SM, DiLorenzo TP.
Title
A comprehensive guide to antibody and T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Lord SJ, Rajotte RV, Korbutt GS, Bleackley RC.
Title
Granzyme B: a natural born killer.
Journal
Related pathway
opi04660 T cell receptor signaling pathway
KO pathway
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