Entry
Name
Melanogenesis - Polypterus senegalus (gray bichir)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
BRITE hierarchy
Pathway map
Ortholog table
Organism
Polypterus senegalus (gray bichir) [GN:
psex ]
Gene
120514201 gnas; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632 ]
120530753 creb1b; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1b [KO:K05870 ]
120537773 cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
120530363 creb3l1; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048 ]
120539312 creb3l2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
120532997 creb3l3l; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3-like 3 like isoform X1 [KO:K09048 ]
120528524 creb3l4; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048 ]
120540282 microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-like isoform X1 [KO:K09455 ]
120526346 wnt2bb; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2Bb [KO:K00182 ]
120540345 wnt7aa; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 7Aa isoform X1 [KO:K00572 ]
120535274 gnao1a; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha activating activity polypeptide O, a isoform X1 [KO:K04534 ]
120527303 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634 ]
120531107 dvl1a; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
120540173 segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like [KO:K02353 ]
120524993 dvl2; segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X1 [KO:K02353 ]
120536531 LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 [KO:K02353 ]
120533128 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506 ] [EC:1.14.18.-]
120540294 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630 ]
120525896 gnai3; guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630 ]
120533926 guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630 ]
120539203 plcb3; 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K05858 ] [EC:3.1.4.11 ]
120538731 camk2g2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
120542230 camk2a; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04515 ] [EC:2.7.11.17 ]
Compound
C01245 D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Reference
Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Imokawa G.
Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Chin L.
Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
Title
Melanoma.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Hearing VJ.
Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
Journal
Reference
Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
Journal
Related pathway
KO pathway
LinkDB
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