KEGG   PATHWAY: tmu04970
Entry
tmu04970                    Pathway                                
Name
Salivary secretion - Trichechus manatus latirostris (Florida manatee)
Description
Saliva has manifold functions in maintaining the integrity of the oral tissues, in protecting teeth from caries, in the tasting and ingestion of food, in speech and in the tolerance of tenures, for example. Salivary secretion occurs in response to stimulation by neurotransmitters released from autonomic nerve endings. There are two secretory pathways: protein exocytosis and fluid secretion. Sympathetic stimulation leads to the activation of adenylate cyclase and accumulation of intracellular cAMP. The elevation of cAMP causes the secretion of proteins such as amylase and mucin. In contrast, parasympathetic stimulation activates phospholipase C and causes the elevation of intracellular Ca2+, which leads to fluid secretion; that is, water and ion transport. Ca2+ also induces amylase secretion, but the amount is smaller than that induced by cAMP.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
tmu04970  Salivary secretion
tmu04970

Other DBs
GO: 0046541
Organism
Trichechus manatus latirostris (Florida manatee) [GN:tmu]
Gene
101347074  beta-1 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04141]
101343539  beta-2 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04142]
101347777  beta-3 adrenergic receptor [KO:K04143]
101361837  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoforms XLas [KO:K04632]
101348142  neuroendocrine secretory protein 55 [KO:K04632]
101354868  adenylate cyclase type 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101360334  adenylate cyclase type 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101349290  adenylate cyclase type 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101350438  adenylate cyclase type 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101346041  adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101349243  adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101341715  adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101350704  adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101344705  adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
101342638  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101348995  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
101347499  vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 isoform X2 [KO:K13504]
101353836  alpha-1A adrenergic receptor isoform X1 [KO:K04135]
101344094  alpha-1B adrenergic receptor [KO:K04136]
101359042  alpha-1D adrenergic receptor [KO:K04137]
101349109  muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 [KO:K04131]
101347192  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04634]
101352296  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101349967  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101344242  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101361375  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
101348250  protein kinase C alpha type isoform X2 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101356454  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101351254  protein kinase C gamma type [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
101346534  inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 [KO:K04958]
101356404  inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 [KO:K04959]
101354392  inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 [KO:K04960]
101347686  ryanodine receptor 3 [KO:K04963]
101347126  calmodulin-2 isoform X2 [KO:K02183]
101361121  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 6 [KO:K02183]
101358846  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calmodulin-like protein 3 [KO:K02183]
101346240  calmodulin-3 [KO:K02183]
101358487  calmodulin [KO:K02183]
101346473  calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
101359111  calmodulin-like [KO:K02183]
101342004  nitric oxide synthase, brain [KO:K13240] [EC:1.14.13.39]
101357819  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-3 isoform X1 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101360343  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-2 [KO:K12318] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101347250  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-2-like [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101344143  guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1 [KO:K12319] [EC:4.6.1.2]
101346076  cGMP-dependent protein kinase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K19477] [EC:2.7.11.12]
101346368  ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 [KO:K01242] [EC:3.2.2.6 2.4.99.20]
101346112  ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 2 [KO:K18152] [EC:3.2.2.6 2.4.99.20]
101356937  bestrophin-2 [KO:K13879]
101356170  aquaporin-5 [KO:K09867]
101361490  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
101355408  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
101345071  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
101361788  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
101343204  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 [KO:K01540]
101343098  protein ATP1B4 isoform X3 [KO:K01540]
101358687  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
101352110  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 [KO:K01540]
111822243  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit gamma [KO:K01538]
101353522  plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101356210  plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101359950  plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101345311  plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05850] [EC:7.2.2.10]
101342027  solute carrier family 12 member 2 isoform X1 [KO:K10951]
101351974  intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 [KO:K04945]
101341595  calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K04936]
101358128  anion exchange protein 2 [KO:K13855]
101342248  sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 [KO:K05742]
101341502  transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6 [KO:K04975]
105756916  mucin-5B [KO:K13908]
101354637  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: mucin-5AC [KO:K13908]
101347703  alpha-amylase 2B [KO:K01176] [EC:3.2.1.1]
101347950  alpha-amylase 2B-like [KO:K01176] [EC:3.2.1.1]
101352619  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein [KO:K13912]
105756010  deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 protein-like [KO:K13912]
101351675  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: cystatin-C [KO:K13899]
101350160  lysozyme C [KO:K13915] [EC:3.2.1.17]
111822776  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: lysozyme C, milk isozyme-like [KO:K13915] [EC:3.2.1.17]
101340636  lactoperoxidase isoform X1 [KO:K12550] [EC:1.11.1.7]
101341367  cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide isoform X1 [KO:K13916]
111819544  cathelicidin-related peptide Pt_CRAMP2-like [KO:K13916]
Compound
C00001  H2O
C00011  CO2
C00076  Calcium cation
C00080  H+
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00238  Potassium cation
C00288  HCO3-
C00533  Nitric oxide
C00547  L-Noradrenaline
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C00698  Cl-
C00942  3',5'-Cyclic GMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C01330  Sodium cation
C01353  Carbonic acid
C01996  Acetylcholine
C13050  Cyclic ADP-ribose
Reference
PMID:16799262
  Authors
Ishikawa Y, Cho G, Yuan Z, Skowronski MT, Pan Y, Ishida H
  Title
Water channels and zymogen granules in salivary glands.
  Journal
J Pharmacol Sci 100:495-512 (2006)
DOI:10.1254/jphs.CRJ06007X
Reference
PMID:16712780
  Authors
Ishikawa Y, Cho G, Yuan Z, Inoue N, Nakae Y
  Title
Aquaporin-5 water channel in lipid rafts of rat parotid glands.
  Journal
Biochim Biophys Acta 1758:1053-60 (2006)
DOI:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.026
Reference
PMID:10682899
  Authors
Ambudkar IS
  Title
Regulation of calcium in salivary gland secretion.
  Journal
Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 11:4-25 (2000)
DOI:10.1177/10454411000110010301
Reference
PMID:10928320
  Authors
Ishikawa Y, Ishida H
  Title
Aquaporin water channel in salivary glands.
  Journal
Jpn J Pharmacol 83:95-101 (2000)
DOI:10.1254/jjp.83.95
Reference
PMID:8105741
  Authors
Baum BJ
  Title
Principles of saliva secretion.
  Journal
Ann N Y Acad Sci 694:17-23 (1993)
DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18338.x
Reference
PMID:9720759
  Authors
Fujita-Yoshigaki J
  Title
Divergence and convergence in regulated exocytosis: the characteristics of cAMP-dependent enzyme secretion of parotid salivary acinar cells.
  Journal
Cell Signal 10:371-5 (1998)
DOI:10.1016/S0898-6568(97)00178-2
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Reference
PMID:17157080
  Authors
Proctor GB, Carpenter GH
  Title
Regulation of salivary gland function by autonomic nerves.
  Journal
Auton Neurosci 133:3-18 (2007)
DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2006.10.006
Reference
PMID:11936453
  Authors
Turner RJ, Sugiya H
  Title
Understanding salivary fluid and protein secretion.
  Journal
Oral Dis 8:3-11 (2002)
DOI:10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.10815.x
Reference
PMID:15153696
  Authors
Van Nieuw Amerongen A, Bolscher JG, Veerman EC
  Title
Salivary proteins: protective and diagnostic value in cariology?
  Journal
Caries Res 38:247-53 (2004)
DOI:10.1159/000077762
Reference
PMID:17347411
  Authors
Nakamoto T, Srivastava A, Romanenko VG, Ovitt CE, Perez-Cornejo P, Arreola J, Begenisich T, Melvin JE
  Title
Functional and molecular characterization of the fluid secretion mechanism in human parotid acinar cells.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292:R2380-90 (2007)
DOI:10.1152/ajpregu.00591.2006
Reference
PMID:15709965
  Authors
Melvin JE, Yule D, Shuttleworth T, Begenisich T
  Title
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte secretion in salivary gland acinar cells.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 67:445-69 (2005)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.041703.084745
Reference
PMID:20224180
  Authors
Catalan MA, Nakamoto T, Melvin JE
  Title
The salivary gland fluid secretion mechanism.
  Journal
J Med Invest 56 Suppl:192-6 (2009)
DOI:10.2152/jmi.56.192
Related
pathway
tmu04020  Calcium signaling pathway
tmu04530  Tight junction
tmu04973  Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
KO pathway
ko04970   
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