Intellectual developmental disorder, formerly known as Mental retardation (MR), is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by low intelligence quotient (IQ) and deficits in adaptive behaviors. To date, several causative genes have been identified. These genes have a variety of functions and participate in multiple biochemical pathways. In addition, there are several known disease loci for which genes have not yet been identified.
Category
Mental and behavioural disorder
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
06 Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders
6A00 Disorders of intellectual development
H00768 Autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder
Pathway-based classification of diseases [BR:br08402]
Glycan/glycoprotein metabolism
nt06029 Glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis
H00768 Autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder
Replication and repair
nt06506 Double-strand break repair
H00768 Autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder
Signal transduction
nt06528 Calcium signaling
H00768 Autosomal recessive intellectual developmental disorder
Kuss AW, Garshasbi M, Kahrizi K, Tzschach A, Behjati F, Darvish H, Abbasi-Moheb L, Puettmann L, Zecha A, Weissmann R, Hu H, Mohseni M, Abedini SS, Rajab A, Hertzberg C, Wieczorek D, Ullmann R, Ghasemi-Firouzabadi S, Banihashemi S, Arzhangi S, Hadavi V, Bahrami-Monajemi G, Kasiri M, Falah M, Nikuei P, Dehghan A, Sobhani M, Jamali P, Ropers HH, Najmabadi H
Title
Autosomal recessive mental retardation: homozygosity mapping identifies 27 single linkage intervals, at least 14 novel loci and several mutation hotspots.
Hu H, Eggers K, Chen W, Garshasbi M, Motazacker MM, Wrogemann K, Kahrizi K, Tzschach A, Hosseini M, Bahman I, Hucho T, Muhlenhoff M, Gerardy-Schahn R, Najmabadi H, Ropers HH, Kuss AW
Title
ST3GAL3 mutations impair the development of higher cognitive functions.
Mir A, Kaufman L, Noor A, Motazacker MM, Jamil T, Azam M, Kahrizi K, Rafiq MA, Weksberg R, Nasr T, Naeem F, Tzschach A, Kuss AW, Ishak GE, Doherty D, Ropers HH, Barkovich AJ, Najmabadi H, Ayub M, Vincent JB
Title
Identification of mutations in TRAPPC9, which encodes the NIK- and IKK-beta-binding protein, in nonsyndromic autosomal-recessive mental retardation.
Caliskan M, Chong JX, Uricchio L, Anderson R, Chen P, Sougnez C, Garimella K, Gabriel SB, dePristo MA, Shakir K, Matern D, Das S, Waggoner D, Nicolae DL, Ober C
Title
Exome sequencing reveals a novel mutation for autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation in the TECR gene on chromosome 19p13.
Rafiq MA, Kuss AW, Puettmann L, Noor A, Ramiah A, Ali G, Hu H, Kerio NA, Xiang Y, Garshasbi M, Khan MA, Ishak GE, Weksberg R, Ullmann R, Tzschach A, Kahrizi K, Mahmood K, Naeem F, Ayub M, Moremen KW, Vincent JB, Ropers HH, Ansar M, Najmabadi H
Title
Mutations in the alpha 1,2-mannosidase gene, MAN1B1, cause autosomal-recessive intellectual disability.
Iqbal Z, Vandeweyer G, van der Voet M, Waryah AM, Zahoor MY, Besseling JA, Roca LT, Vulto-van Silfhout AT, Nijhof B, Kramer JM, Van der Aa N, Ansar M, Peeters H, Helsmoortel C, Gilissen C, Vissers LE, Veltman JA, de Brouwer AP, Frank Kooy R, Riazuddin S, Schenck A, van Bokhoven H, Rooms L
Title
Homozygous and heterozygous disruptions of ANK3: at the crossroads of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
Mir A, Sritharan K, Mittal K, Vasli N, Araujo C, Jamil T, Rafiq MA, Anwar Z, Mikhailov A, Rauf S, Mahmood H, Shakoor A, Ali S, So J, Naeem F, Ayub M, Vincent JB
Title
Truncation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase component FBXO31 causes non-syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability in a Pakistani family.
Law R, Dixon-Salazar T, Jerber J, Cai N, Abbasi AA, Zaki MS, Mittal K, Gabriel SB, Rafiq MA, Khan V, Nguyen M, Ali G, Copeland B, Scott E, Vasli N, Mikhailov A, Khan MN, Andrade DM, Ayaz M, Ansar M, Ayub M, Vincent JB, Gleeson JG
Title
Biallelic truncating mutations in FMN2, encoding the actin-regulatory protein Formin 2, cause nonsyndromic autosomal-recessive intellectual disability.
Ouyang Q, Nakayama T, Baytas O, Davidson SM, Yang C, Schmidt M, Lizarraga SB, Mishra S, Ei-Quessny M, Niaz S, Gul Butt M, Imran Murtaza S, Javed A, Chaudhry HR, Vaughan DJ, Hill RS, Partlow JN, Yoo SY, Lam AT, Nasir R, Al-Saffar M, Barkovich AJ, Schwede M, Nagpal S, Rajab A, DeBerardinis RJ, Housman DE, Mochida GH, Morrow EM
Title
Mutations in mitochondrial enzyme GPT2 cause metabolic dysfunction and neurological disease with developmental and progressive features.
Ahmed I, Buchert R, Zhou M, Jiao X, Mittal K, Sheikh TI, Scheller U, Vasli N, Rafiq MA, Brohi MQ, Mikhailov A, Ayaz M, Bhatti A, Sticht H, Nasr T, Carter MT, Uebe S, Reis A, Ayub M, John P, Kiledjian M, Vincent JB, Jamra RA
Title
Mutations in DCPS and EDC3 in autosomal recessive intellectual disability indicate a crucial role for mRNA decapping in neurodevelopment.
Heidari A, Tongsook C, Najafipour R, Musante L, Vasli N, Garshasbi M, Hu H, Mittal K, McNaughton AJ, Sritharan K, Hudson M, Stehr H, Talebi S, Moradi M, Darvish H, Arshad Rafiq M, Mozhdehipanah H, Rashidinejad A, Samiei S, Ghadami M, Windpassinger C, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Tzschach A, Ahmed I, Mikhailov A, Stavropoulos DJ, Carter MT, Keshavarz S, Ayub M, Najmabadi H, Liu X, Ropers HH, Macheroux P, Vincent JB
Title
Mutations in the histamine N-methyltransferase gene, HNMT, are associated with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability.
Makrythanasis P, Kato M, Zaki MS, Saitsu H, Nakamura K, Santoni FA, Miyatake S, Nakashima M, Issa MY, Guipponi M, Letourneau A, Logan CV, Roberts N, Parry DA, Johnson CA, Matsumoto N, Hamamy H, Sheridan E, Kinoshita T, Antonarakis SE, Murakami Y
Title
Pathogenic Variants in PIGG Cause Intellectual Disability with Seizures and Hypotonia.
Pak C, Garshasbi M, Kahrizi K, Gross C, Apponi LH, Noto JJ, Kelly SM, Leung SW, Tzschach A, Behjati F, Abedini SS, Mohseni M, Jensen LR, Hu H, Huang B, Stahley SN, Liu G, Williams KR, Burdick S, Feng Y, Sanyal S, Bassell GJ, Ropers HH, Najmabadi H, Corbett AH, Moberg KH, Kuss AW
Title
Mutation of the conserved polyadenosine RNA binding protein, ZC3H14/dNab2, impairs neural function in Drosophila and humans.
Johansen A, Rosti RO, Musaev D, Sticca E, Harripaul R, Zaki M, Caglayan AO, Azam M, Sultan T, Froukh T, Reis A, Popp B, Ahmed I, John P, Ayub M, Ben-Omran T, Vincent JB, Gleeson JG, Abou Jamra R
Title
Mutations in MBOAT7, Encoding Lysophosphatidylinositol Acyltransferase I, Lead to Intellectual Disability Accompanied by Epilepsy and Autistic Features.
Tawamie H, Martianov I, Wohlfahrt N, Buchert R, Mengus G, Uebe S, Janiri L, Hirsch FW, Schumacher J, Ferrazzi F, Sticht H, Reis A, Davidson I, Colombo R, Abou Jamra R
Title
Hypomorphic Pathogenic Variants in TAF13 Are Associated with Autosomal-Recessive Intellectual Disability and Microcephaly.
Edvardson S, Murakami Y, Nguyen TT, Shahrour M, St-Denis A, Shaag A, Damseh N, Le Deist F, Bryceson Y, Abu-Libdeh B, Campeau PM, Kinoshita T, Elpeleg O
Title
Mutations in the phosphatidylinositol glycan C (PIGC) gene are associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability.
Chia PH, Zhong FL, Niwa S, Bonnard C, Utami KH, Zeng R, Lee H, Eskin A, Nelson SF, Xie WH, Al-Tawalbeh S, El-Khateeb M, Shboul M, Pouladi MA, Al-Raqad M, Reversade B
Title
A homozygous loss-of-function CAMK2A mutation causes growth delay, frequent seizures and severe intellectual disability.
Ansar M, Riazuddin S, Sarwar MT, Makrythanasis P, Paracha SA, Iqbal Z, Khan J, Assir MZ, Hussain M, Razzaq A, Polla DL, Taj AS, Holmgren A, Batool N, Misceo D, Iwaszkiewicz J, de Brouwer APM, Guipponi M, Hanquinet S, Zoete V, Santoni FA, Frengen E, Ahmed J, Riazuddin S, van Bokhoven H, Antonarakis SE
Title
Biallelic variants in LINGO1 are associated with autosomal recessive intellectual disability, microcephaly, speech and motor delay.
Martin HC, Jones WD, McIntyre R, Sanchez-Andrade G, Sanderson M, Stephenson JD, Jones CP, Handsaker J, Gallone G, Bruntraeger M, McRae JF, Prigmore E, Short P, Niemi M, Kaplanis J, Radford EJ, Akawi N, Balasubramanian M, Dean J, Horton R, Hulbert A, Johnson DS, Johnson K, Kumar D, Lynch SA, Mehta SG, Morton J, Parker MJ, Splitt M, Turnpenny PD, Vasudevan PC, Wright M, Bassett A, Gerety SS, Wright CF, FitzPatrick DR, Firth HV, Hurles ME, Barrett JC
Title
Quantifying the contribution of recessive coding variation to developmental disorders.
Fattahi Z, Sheikh TI, Musante L, Rasheed M, Taskiran II, Harripaul R, Hu H, Kazeminasab S, Alam MR, Hosseini M, Larti F, Ghaderi Z, Celik A, Ayub M, Ansar M, Haddadi M, Wienker TF, Ropers HH, Kahrizi K, Vincent JB, Najmabadi H
Title
Biallelic missense variants in ZBTB11 can cause intellectual disability in humans.
Richard EM, Polla DL, Assir MZ, Contreras M, Shahzad M, Khan AA, Razzaq A, Akram J, Tarar MN, Blanpied TA, Ahmed ZM, Abou Jamra R, Wieczorek D, van Bokhoven H, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S
Title
Bi-allelic Variants in METTL5 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Intellectual Disability and Microcephaly.
Morrison J, Altuwaijri NK, Bronstad K, Aksnes H, Alsaif HS, Evans A, Hashem M, Wheeler PG, Webb BD, Alkuraya FS, Arnesen T
Title
Missense NAA20 variants impairing the NatB protein N-terminal acetyltransferase cause autosomal recessive developmental delay, intellectual disability, and microcephaly.
Harripaul R, Vasli N, Mikhailov A, Rafiq MA, Mittal K, Windpassinger C, Sheikh TI, Noor A, Mahmood H, Downey S, Johnson M, Vleuten K, Bell L, Ilyas M, Khan FS, Khan V, Moradi M, Ayaz M, Naeem F, Heidari A, Ahmed I, Ghadami S, Agha Z, Zeinali S, Qamar R, Mozhdehipanah H, John P, Mir A, Ansar M, French L, Ayub M, Vincent JB
Title
Mapping autosomal recessive intellectual disability: combined microarray and exome sequencing identifies 26 novel candidate genes in 192 consanguineous families.
Ismail V, Zachariassen LG, Godwin A, Sahakian M, Ellard S, Stals KL, Baple E, Brown KT, Foulds N, Wheway G, Parker MO, Lyngby SM, Pedersen MG, Desir J, Bayat A, Musgaard M, Guille M, Kristensen AS, Baralle D
Title
Identification and functional evaluation of GRIA1 missense and truncation variants in individuals with ID: An emerging neurodevelopmental syndrome.
Khoshbakht S, Beheshtian M, Fattahi Z, Bazazzadegan N, Parsimehr E, Fadaee M, Vazehan R, Faraji Zonooz M, Abolhassani A, Makvand M, Kariminejad A, Celik A, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H
Title
CEP104 and CEP290; Genes with Ciliary Functions Cause Intellectual Disability in Multiple Families.
Haag N, Tan EC, Begemann M, Buschmann L, Kraft F, Holschbach P, Lai AHM, Brett M, Mochida GH, DiTroia S, Pais L, Neil JE, Al-Saffar M, Bastaki L, Walsh CA, Kurth I, Knopp C
Title
Biallelic loss-of-function variants in WDR11 are associated with microcephaly and intellectual disability.
Van Bergen NJ, Bell KM, Carey K, Gear R, Massey S, Murrell EK, Gallacher L, Pope K, Lockhart PJ, Kornberg A, Pais L, Walkiewicz M, Simons C, Wickramasinghe VO, White SM, Christodoulou J
Title
Pathogenic variants in nucleoporin TPR (translocated promoter region, nuclear basket protein) cause severe intellectual disability in humans.
Uctepe E, Vona B, Esen FN, Sonmez FM, Smol T, Tumer S, Mancilar H, Geylan Durgun DE, Boute O, Moghbeli M, Ghayoor Karimiani E, Hashemi N, Bakhshoodeh B, Kim HG, Maroofian R, Yesilyurt A
Title
Bi-allelic truncating variants in CASP2 underlie a neurodevelopmental disorder with lissencephaly.
Nair D, Li D, Erdogan H, Yoon A, Harr MH, Bergant G, Peterlin B, Skrjanec Pusenjak M, Jayakar P, Pfundt R, Jansen S, McWalter K, Sidhu A, Saliganan S, Agolini E, Jacob A, Pasquier J, Arash R, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H, Ropers HH, Bhoj EJ
Title
Discovery of a neuromuscular syndrome caused by biallelic variants in ASCC3.
Mattioli F, Worpenberg L, Li CT, Ibrahim N, Naz S, Sharif S, Firouzabadi SG, Vosoogh S, Saraeva-Lamri R, Raymond L, Trujillo C, Guex N, Antonarakis SE, Ansar M, Darvish H, Liu RJ, Roignant JY, Reymond A
Title
Biallelic variants in NSUN6 cause an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder.
