KEGG   PATHWAY: arut04916
Entry
arut04916                   Pathway                                
Name
Melanogenesis - Acipenser ruthenus (sterlet)
Description
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. Melanogenesis is under complex regulatory control by multiple agents. The most important positive regulator of melanogenesis is the MC1 receptor with its ligands melanocortic peptides. MC1R activates the cyclic AMP (cAMP) response-element binding protein (CREB). Increased expression of MITF and its activation by phosphorylation (P) stimulate the transcription of tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), which produce melanin. Melanin synthesis takes place within specialized intracellular organelles named melanosomes. Melanin-containing melanosomes then move from the perinuclear region to the dendrite tips and are transferred to keratinocytes by a still not well-characterized mechanism.
Class
Organismal Systems; Endocrine system
Pathway map
arut04916  Melanogenesis
arut04916

Organism
Acipenser ruthenus (sterlet) [GN:arut]
Gene
117411446  pro-opiomelanocortin [KO:K05228]
117403299  pro-opiomelanocortin-like [KO:K05228]
117963897  agouti-signaling protein-like [KO:K08725]
117401912  agouti-signaling protein-like [KO:K08725]
117424474  mc1r; melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor [KO:K04199]
117425852  melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor-like [KO:K04199]
117422288  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
117431829  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04632]
117399269  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117394455  adenylate cyclase type 1-like [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117399819  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117394673  adenylate cyclase type 2 isoform X1 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117403044  adcy3a; adenylate cyclase type 3 isoform X1 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117398126  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117398838  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117408099  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 5-like [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117426957  adenylate cyclase type 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117966951  adenylate cyclase type 6-like [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117400918  adenylate cyclase type 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117424464  adcy7; adenylate cyclase type 7 isoform X1 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117425878  adenylate cyclase type 2-like [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117399547  adcy8; adenylate cyclase type 8 isoform X1 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117418288  adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117431652  adcy9; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: adenylate cyclase type 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
117417322  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117402119  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117962254  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-like isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117413096  cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform X1 [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
117400312  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
117427000  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05870]
117973160  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
117962638  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117415635  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117408470  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 [KO:K09048]
117419509  creb3l2; cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117966148  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117432455  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 [KO:K09048]
117401372  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 3-A [KO:K09048]
117395327  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117434854  cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 1 isoform X1 [KO:K09048]
117432515  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: histone acetyltransferase p300 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
117968047  histone acetyltransferase p300-like [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
117417994  CREB-binding protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
117431768  CREB-binding protein-like isoform X1 [KO:K04498] [EC:2.3.1.48]
117414056  microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
117412385  mitfb; melanocyte inducing transcription factor b isoform X1 [KO:K09455]
117967005  protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
117401155  protein Wnt-1 [KO:K03209]
117415953  protein Wnt-2-like isoform X2 [KO:K00182]
117428861  protein Wnt-2b-A [KO:K00182]
117964431  protein Wnt-2b-A-like [KO:K00182]
117420007  protein Wnt-2-like [KO:K00182]
117400591  wnt3a; protein Wnt-3a [KO:K00312]
117435784  protein Wnt-3a isoform X1 [KO:K00312]
117433499  wnt3; proto-oncogene Wnt-3 [KO:K00312]
117425047  wnt4; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein Wnt-4a [KO:K00408]
117425216  wnt4b; wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4b [KO:K00408]
117415732  protein Wnt-5b isoform X1 [KO:K00444]
117419878  protein Wnt-5b-like [KO:K00444]
117412611  protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
117420386  protein Wnt-5a [KO:K00444]
117426563  protein Wnt-6-like isoform X1 [KO:K00445]
117413004  protein Wnt-6-like [KO:K00445]
117419949  wnt7bb; protein Wnt-7b isoform X1 [KO:K00572]
117411890  protein Wnt-7a-like [KO:K00572]
117413752  protein Wnt-7a [KO:K00572]
117973633  protein Wnt-8-like [KO:K00714]
117417691  protein Wnt-8b-like [KO:K00714]
117412759  protein Wnt-8-like [KO:K00714]
117412800  protein Wnt-8a-like [KO:K00714]
117431763  protein Wnt-8-like [KO:K00714]
117414647  protein Wnt-8b [KO:K00714]
117400589  wnt9a; protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
117433367  wnt9b; protein Wnt-9b [KO:K01064]
117395067  protein Wnt-9a [KO:K01064]
117967014  protein Wnt-10b-like [KO:K01357]
117427102  protein Wnt-10a [KO:K01357]
117401158  protein Wnt-10b [KO:K01357]
117413378  protein Wnt-10a-like [KO:K01357]
117972819  protein Wnt-11 isoform X1 [KO:K01384]
117407537  protein Wnt-11 isoform X1 [KO:K01384]
117430858  protein Wnt-11b-like [KO:K01384]
117412458  protein Wnt-11b-like [KO:K01384]
117419393  protein Wnt-16-like [KO:K01558]
117414657  protein Wnt-16-like [KO:K01558]
117399646  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
117426363  frizzled-7 [KO:K02432]
117401055  frizzled-7-A-like [KO:K02432]
117394842  frizzled-1-like [KO:K02432]
117433330  frizzled-2-like [KO:K02235]
117434598  frizzled-2 [KO:K02235]
117402412  frizzled-3 isoform X1 [KO:K02329]
117972853  frizzled-4-like [KO:K02354]
117405189  frizzled-4 [KO:K02354]
117399763  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
117435710  frizzled-8-like [KO:K02375]
117427085  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
117403465  frizzled-5-like [KO:K02375]
117435612  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
117400571  frizzled-6-like [KO:K02376]
117973370  frizzled-10-B-like [KO:K02842]
117427738  frizzled-10-B-like [KO:K02842]
117429126  frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
117430303  frizzled-9 [KO:K02842]
117424108  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha [KO:K04534]
117421535  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha [KO:K04634]
117431902  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1 [KO:K02353]
117967650  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2-like isoform X1 [KO:K02353]
117416997  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 isoform X2 [KO:K02353]
117404623  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 isoform X2 [KO:K02353]
117423415  segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3-like [KO:K02353]
117405839  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
117407370  glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta isoform X1 [KO:K03083] [EC:2.7.11.26]
117435320  catenin beta-1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02105]
117400133  catenin beta-1 [KO:K02105]
117431552  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
117413262  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K02620]
117397962  transcription factor 7-like 1-A isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
117962397  transcription factor 7-like 1-A isoform X1 [KO:K04490]
117418190  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X2 [KO:K04491]
117415317  transcription factor 7-like 2 isoform X1 [KO:K04491]
117408361  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
117420543  lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K04492]
117419427  kit ligand-like [KO:K05461]
117414943  kit ligand-like [KO:K05461]
117409565  mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita-like [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
117420778  mast/stem cell growth factor receptor kita-like [KO:K05091] [EC:2.7.10.1]
117431924  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
117434435  GTPase HRas [KO:K02833]
117419957  GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
117962512  GTPase HRas-like [KO:K07827]
117415640  GTPase KRas isoform X1 [KO:K07827]
117407743  GTPase HRas-like [KO:K07827]
117428047  GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
117962404  GTPase NRas [KO:K07828]
117414023  RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase-like isoform X1 [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
117412241  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase-like [KO:K04366] [EC:2.7.11.1]
117428255  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
117964269  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 [KO:K04368] [EC:2.7.12.2]
117401470  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
117966151  dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K04369] [EC:2.7.12.2]
117973328  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117398123  mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 isoform X1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117426782  mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 [KO:K04371] [EC:2.7.11.24]
117406512  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
117404921  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
117965811  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
117405438  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: tyrosinase [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
117414286  tyrosinase-like [KO:K00505] [EC:1.14.18.1]
117408362  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
117420963  5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase-like [KO:K00506] [EC:1.14.18.-]
117406809  dct; L-dopachrome tautomerase [KO:K01827] [EC:5.3.3.12]
117394282  edn1; endothelin-1 [KO:K16366]
117405406  endothelin receptor type B-like [KO:K04198]
117406693  endothelin receptor type B [KO:K04198]
117430294  endothelin receptor type B-like isoform X2 [KO:K04198]
117412414  endothelin receptor type B-like isoform X1 [KO:K04198]
117415649  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1 [KO:K04630]
117413834  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
117419852  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1-like [KO:K04630]
117430950  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
117966022  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha [KO:K04630]
117411929  guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2 [KO:K04630]
117402733  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117422522  plcb2; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-2 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117398658  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117967866  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-3-like [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117410730  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117411059  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117402388  1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4 isoform X1 [KO:K05858] [EC:3.1.4.11]
117415451  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117963836  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117428566  calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
117429464  calmodulin-like protein 4 [KO:K02183]
117411142  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117421147  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117402950  calm2a; calmodulin 2a (phosphorylase kinase, delta) [KO:K02183]
117422034  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117396941  calmodulin-1 [KO:K02183]
117417715  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117409482  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117413376  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117421196  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117415406  calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K04515] [EC:2.7.11.17]
117424636  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117423489  protein kinase C alpha type isoform X1 [KO:K02677] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117418057  LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: protein kinase C beta type-like [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117431125  protein kinase C beta type isoform X1 [KO:K19662] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117409942  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
117966808  protein kinase C alpha type-like [KO:K19663] [EC:2.7.11.13]
Compound
C00076  Calcium cation
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00165  Diacylglycerol
C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
C01245  D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
C05606  Melanin
Reference
PMID:15383650
  Authors
Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Shibahara S, Wortsman J.
  Title
Melanin pigmentation in mammalian skin and its hormonal regulation.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 84:1155-228 (2004)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00044.2003
Reference
PMID:10841026
  Authors
Busca R, Ballotti R.
  Title
Cyclic AMP a key messenger in the regulation of skin pigmentation.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13:60-9 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2000.130203.x
Reference
PMID:15016298
  Authors
Imokawa G.
  Title
Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 17:96-110 (2004)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x
Reference
PMID:11023702
  Authors
Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, Prusis P, Lindblom J, Post C, Skottner A.
  Title
New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors.
  Journal
Pharmacol Res 42:393-420 (2000)
DOI:10.1006/phrs.2000.0725
Reference
PMID:12894244
  Authors
Chin L.
  Title
The genetics of malignant melanoma: lessons from mouse and man.
  Journal
Nat Rev Cancer 3:559-70 (2003)
DOI:10.1038/nrc1145
Reference
PMID:16822996
  Authors
Miller AJ, Mihm MC Jr.
  Title
Melanoma.
  Journal
N Engl J Med 355:51-65 (2006)
DOI:10.1056/NEJMra052166
Reference
PMID:12753399
  Authors
Saito H, Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S.
  Title
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 16:261-5 (2003)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x
Reference
PMID:9263329
  Authors
Imokawa G, Kobayashi T, Miyagishi M, Higashi K, Yada Y.
  Title
The role of endothelin-1 in epidermal hyperpigmentation and signaling mechanisms of mitogenesis and melanogenesis.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 10:218-28 (1997)
DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00488.x
Reference
PMID:10643996
  Authors
Park HY, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Signaling pathways mediating melanogenesis.
  Journal
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 45:919-30 (1999)
Reference
PMID:10347209
  Authors
Park HY, Perez JM, Laursen R, Hara M, Gilchrest BA.
  Title
Protein kinase C-beta activates tyrosinase by phosphorylating serine residues in its cytoplasmic domain.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 274:16470-8 (1999)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.274.23.16470
Reference
PMID:11602344
  Authors
Sturm RA, Teasdale RD, Box NF.
  Title
Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation.
  Journal
Gene 277:49-62 (2001)
DOI:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00694-1
Reference
PMID:11041354
  Authors
Hearing VJ.
  Title
The melanosome: the perfect model for cellular responses to the environment.
  Journal
Pigment Cell Res 13 Suppl 8:23-34 (2000)
DOI:10.1034/j.1600-0749.13.s8.7.x
Reference
PMID:16246839
  Authors
Molina DM, Grewal S, Bardwell L.
  Title
Characterization of an ERK-binding domain in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and differential inhibition of ERK2-mediated substrate phosphorylation.
  Journal
J Biol Chem 280:42051-60 (2005)
DOI:10.1074/jbc.M510590200
Related
pathway
arut00350  Tyrosine metabolism
arut04010  MAPK signaling pathway
arut04310  Wnt signaling pathway
KO pathway
ko04916   
LinkDB

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