KEGG   PATHWAY: mlk04974
Entry
mlk04974                    Pathway                                
Name
Protein digestion and absorption - Mustela lutreola (European mink)
Description
Protein is a dietary component essential for nutritional homeostasis in humans. Normally, ingested protein undergoes a complex series of degradative processes following the action of gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. The result of this proteolytic activity is a mixture of amino acids and small peptides. Amino acids (AAs) are transported into the enterocyte (intestinal epithelial cell) by a variety of AA transporters that are specific for cationic (basic) AA, neutral AA, and anionic (acidic) AA. Small peptides are absorbed into enterocytes by the PEPT1 transporter. Inside enterocytes peptides are hydrolyzed, and the resulting amino acids are released together with those absorbed by AA transporters into blood via multiple, basolateral, AA transporters. Hydrolysis-resistant peptides, however, are transported out of the cells by a basolateral peptide transporter that has not been identified molecularly.
Class
Organismal Systems; Digestive system
Pathway map
mlk04974  Protein digestion and absorption
mlk04974

Other DBs
GO: 0044256 0050892
Organism
Mustela lutreola (European mink) [GN:mlk]
Gene
131813472  pepsin F-like [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
131813484  pepsin A [KO:K06002] [EC:3.4.23.1]
131829866  serine protease 1-like [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
131829869  anionic trypsin [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
131830457  serine protease 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
131830458  serine protease 1 [KO:K01312] [EC:3.4.21.4]
131818713  chymotrypsinogen B-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
131817947  chymotrypsinogen 2-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
131818054  chymotrypsinogen 2 [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
131818063  chymotrypsinogen 2-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
131818127  chymotrypsinogen 2-like [KO:K01310] [EC:3.4.21.1]
131818653  CTRL; chymotrypsin-like protease CTRL-1 [KO:K09632] [EC:3.4.21.-]
131809466  proproteinase E [KO:K01345] [EC:3.4.21.70]
131830442  CPA1; carboxypeptidase A1 [KO:K08779] [EC:3.4.17.1]
131829764  CPA2; carboxypeptidase A2 isoform X1 [KO:K01298] [EC:3.4.17.15]
131825025  CPA3; mast cell carboxypeptidase A isoform X1 [KO:K08780] [EC:3.4.17.1]
131825903  CPB1; carboxypeptidase B [KO:K01291] [EC:3.4.17.2]
131813929  CPB2; carboxypeptidase B2 isoform X1 [KO:K01300] [EC:3.4.17.20]
131831517  SLC9A3; sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K12040]
131813905  SLC15A1; solute carrier family 15 member 1 [KO:K14206]
131814682  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
131814683  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-2 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
131808884  ATP1A1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 isoform X1 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
131817352  ATP1A3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-3 [KO:K01539] [EC:7.2.2.13]
131812672  sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3-like [KO:K01540]
131814609  ATP1B1; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1 [KO:K01540]
131821956  ATP1B4; protein ATP1B4 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
131816472  ATP1B2; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-2 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
131825057  ATP1B3; sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3 isoform X1 [KO:K01540]
131817526  KCNN4; intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 4 isoform X1 [KO:K04945]
131833924  KCNK5; potassium channel subfamily K member 5 [KO:K04916]
131817508  KCNQ1; potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 1 isoform X1 [KO:K04926]
131827327  KCNJ13; inward rectifier potassium channel 13 [KO:K05006]
131838852  SLC38A2; sodium-coupled neutral amino acid symporter 2 isoform X1 [KO:K14207]
131824962  MME; neprilysin [KO:K01389] [EC:3.4.24.11]
131834065  MEP1A; meprin A subunit alpha [KO:K01395] [EC:3.4.24.18]
131811251  MEP1B; meprin A subunit beta [KO:K08606] [EC:3.4.24.63]
131821656  ACE2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K09708] [EC:3.4.17.23]
131840187  PRCP; lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase [KO:K01285] [EC:3.4.16.2]
131827169  DPP4; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 isoform X1 [KO:K01278] [EC:3.4.14.5]
131821692  XPNPEP2; xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 [KO:K14208] [EC:3.4.11.9]
131812371  SLC1A1; excitatory amino acid transporter 3 [KO:K05612]
131818121  SLC1A5; neutral amino acid transporter B(0) [KO:K05616]
131836744  SLC8A3; sodium/calcium exchanger 3 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
131840489  SLC8A1; sodium/calcium exchanger 1 isoform X1 [KO:K05849]
131818324  SLC8A2; sodium/calcium exchanger 2 [KO:K05849]
131831535  SLC6A19; sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 [KO:K05334]
131814279  SLC3A2; 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain [KO:K06519]
131836357  SLC7A8; large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2 isoform X1 [KO:K13781]
131839361  SLC36A4; neutral amino acid uniporter 4 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
131831340  SLC36A3; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 3 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
131831795  SLC36A2; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 [KO:K14209]
131831796  SLC36A1; proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 isoform X1 [KO:K14209]
131833502  SLC16A10; monocarboxylate transporter 10 [KO:K08187]
131808526  SLC3A1; neutral and basic amino acid transport protein rBAT isoform X1 [KO:K14210]
131807324  b(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1-like isoform X1 [KO:K13868]
131817534  SLC7A9; B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13868]
131836342  SLC7A7; Y+L amino acid transporter 1 [KO:K13867]
131819417  ELN; elastin isoform X1 [KO:K14211]
131829390  COL1A2; collagen alpha-2(I) chain [KO:K06236]
131816171  COL1A1; collagen alpha-1(I) chain [KO:K06236]
131839774  COL2A1; collagen alpha-1(II) chain [KO:K19719]
131827678  COL3A1; collagen alpha-1(III) chain [KO:K19720]
131827372  COL4A4; collagen alpha-4(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
131827373  COL4A3; collagen alpha-3(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
131820789  COL4A6; collagen alpha-6(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
131813524  COL4A2; collagen alpha-2(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
131813526  COL4A1; collagen alpha-1(IV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06237]
131822161  COL4A5; collagen alpha-5(IV) chain [KO:K06237]
131834263  COL11A2; collagen alpha-2(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131827677  COL5A2; collagen alpha-2(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131812522  COL27A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131813195  COL5A1; collagen alpha-1(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131823496  COL5A3; collagen alpha-3(V) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131809538  COL24A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131809782  COL11A1; collagen alpha-1(XI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K19721]
131827294  COL6A3; collagen alpha-3(VI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
131824529  collagen alpha-4(VI) chain-like isoform X1 [KO:K06238]
131824531  COL6A5; collagen alpha-5(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
131824532  COL6A6; collagen alpha-6(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
131825485  COL6A1; collagen alpha-1(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
131825488  COL6A2; collagen alpha-2(VI) chain [KO:K06238]
131823895  COL7A1; collagen alpha-1(VII) chain [KO:K16628]
131809583  COL8A2; collagen alpha-2(VIII) chain [KO:K23455]
131825204  COL8A1; collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K23455]
131834157  COL9A1; collagen alpha-1(IX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08131]
131807495  COL9A3; collagen alpha-3(IX) chain [KO:K08131]
131810003  COL9A2; collagen alpha-2(IX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08131]
131833475  COL10A1; collagen alpha-1(X) chain [KO:K19479]
131834182  COL12A1; collagen alpha-1(XII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08132]
131828878  COL13A1; collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16617]
131826454  COL14A1; collagen alpha-1(XIV) chain isoform X1 [KO:K08133]
131812629  COL15A1; collagen alpha-1(XV) chain [KO:K08135]
131809265  COL16A1; collagen alpha-1(XVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24339]
131830724  COL17A1; collagen alpha-1(XVII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K07603]
131825478  COL18A1; collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K06823]
131834156  COL19A1; collagen alpha-1(XIX) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24340]
131807712  COL20A1; LOW QUALITY PROTEIN: collagen alpha-1(XX) chain [KO:K24357]
131834124  COL21A1; collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16629]
131826372  COL22A1; collagen alpha-1(XXII) chain isoform X1 [KO:K16630]
131832628  COL23A1; collagen alpha-1(XXIII) chain [KO:K24355]
131829428  COL25A1; collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain [KO:K24356]
131819739  COL26A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVI) chain isoform X1 [KO:K24358]
131829424  COL28A1; collagen alpha-1(XXVIII) chain [KO:K23619]
Compound
C00011  CO2
C00014  Ammonia
C00025  L-Glutamate
C00033  Acetate
C00037  Glycine
C00041  L-Alanine
C00047  L-Lysine
C00049  L-Aspartate
C00062  L-Arginine
C00064  L-Glutamine
C00065  L-Serine
C00073  L-Methionine
C00076  Calcium cation
C00078  L-Tryptophan
C00079  L-Phenylalanine
C00080  H+
C00082  L-Tyrosine
C00097  L-Cysteine
C00099  beta-Alanine
C00123  L-Leucine
C00134  Putrescine
C00135  L-Histidine
C00146  Phenol
C00148  L-Proline
C00152  L-Asparagine
C00163  Propanoate
C00183  L-Valine
C00188  L-Threonine
C00238  Potassium cation
C00246  Butanoic acid
C00282  Hydrogen
C00388  Histamine
C00407  L-Isoleucine
C00463  Indole
C00483  Tyramine
C00491  L-Cystine
C01327  Hydrochloric acid
C01330  Sodium cation
C01438  Methane
C01468  4-Cresol
C01672  Cadaverine
C01746  Piperidine
C02632  2-Methylpropanoate
C05996  Branched chain fatty acid
C08262  3-Methylbutanoic acid
C16138  L-Pyrrolysine
C18319  2-Methylbutyrate
Reference
PMID:18195088
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:249-86 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00018.2006
Reference
PMID:15772300
  Authors
Palacin M, Nunes V, Font-Llitjos M, Jimenez-Vidal M, Fort J, Gasol E, Pineda M, Feliubadalo L, Chillaron J, Zorzano A
  Title
The genetics of heteromeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 20:112-24 (2005)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00051.2004
Reference
PMID:20522896
  Authors
Goodman BE
  Title
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans.
  Journal
Adv Physiol Educ 34:44-53 (2010)
DOI:10.1152/advan.00094.2009
Reference
PMID:11546643
  Authors
Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S
  Title
Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters.
  Journal
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-93 (2001)
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.4.C1077
Reference
PMID:18400692
  Authors
Broer S
  Title
Apical transporters for neutral amino acids: physiology and pathophysiology.
  Journal
Physiology (Bethesda) 23:95-103 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physiol.00045.2007
Reference
PMID:9687539
  Authors
Wu G
  Title
Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism.
  Journal
J Nutr 128:1249-52 (1998)
DOI:10.1093/jn/128.8.1249
Reference
PMID:14977407
  Authors
Daniel H
  Title
Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport.
  Journal
Annu Rev Physiol 66:361-84 (2004)
DOI:10.1146/annurev.physiol.66.032102.144149
Reference
PMID:12237156
  Authors
Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H
  Title
Mammalian peptide transporters as targets for drug delivery.
  Journal
Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:434-40 (2002)
DOI:10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02072-2
Reference
PMID:7937532
  Authors
Bai JP
  Title
Distribution of brush-border membrane peptidases along the rat intestine.
  Journal
Pharm Res 11:897-900 (1994)
DOI:10.1023/a:1018946228432
Reference
PMID:12583961
  Authors
Guarner F, Malagelada JR
  Title
Gut flora in health and disease.
  Journal
Lancet 361:512-9 (2003)
DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0
Reference
PMID:16887608
  Authors
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT
  Title
Dissimilatory amino Acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria.
  Journal
Anaerobe 3:327-37 (1997)
DOI:10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Reference
PMID:20093818
  Authors
Schepers E, Glorieux G, Vanholder R
  Title
The gut: the forgotten organ in uremia?
  Journal
Blood Purif 29:130-6 (2010)
DOI:10.1159/000245639
Reference
  Authors
John H.Cummings
  Title
The large intestine in nutrition and disease
  Journal
Institut Danone
Reference
PMID:18626068
  Authors
Heitzmann D, Warth R
  Title
Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia.
  Journal
Physiol Rev 88:1119-82 (2008)
DOI:10.1152/physrev.00020.2007
Related
pathway
mlk00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
mlk04530  Tight junction
mlk04971  Gastric acid secretion
mlk04972  Pancreatic secretion
KO pathway
ko04974   
LinkDB

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